So I am not an expert in this area, but I do know of a few papers which examine vocal tone with other behaviors:

Zuckerman, Amidon, Bishop, & Pomerantz (1982, JPSP) shows that vocal tone relates to deception (though this effect is moderated by whether there are visual cues as well in the face).

One paper which more directly addresses your question is Freidman and DiMatteo (1980, Research in Personality), which examines medical doctors and found that personality clusters could be reliably identified with certain vocal tones).

Professor Klaus Scherer of the University of Geneva's Interfaculty Centre for Affective Sciences has an article in the European Journal of Social Psychology about the perceptibility of extraversion from vocal volume and sharpness. This strikes me as a very relatable theory, comparing its predictions with my personal experiences. At least, it partially confirms what I would consider a stereotype about extraverts.

Article Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of ...

A more recent article by Hu, Wang, Short, and Fu (2012) in PLoS One demonstrates several more relationships between vocal characteristics and Eysenck's three-factor model of personality. PLoS One is open access, so I'll let the article speak for itself. It includes a nice review of other research on this topic in its introduction, so it would be a good place to start in looking for other research.

By the way, the previous article was based on an American sample, and this one is based on a Chinese sample. The outlook for relationships in general between personality and vocal quality (not necessarily the same relationships) appearing cross-culturally seems pretty good!

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033906

Hi, I imagine you've already seen this, but I thought it was worth adding just in case. 

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0090779