Let's consider two egregious cases:

• Christian G. Wolf "iSpacetime"
• Gerd Pommerenke "The Metric Universe" and "Accelerated Expansion: A Fallacy"

Christian G. Wolf

Christian Wolf is cynical. When he was presented with the derivation of the "proposed formula" for G, where he hid the value of G in one of the factors, F_g, he just laughed.

In addition to other tautologies and claims that he derived Cosmological Constants with infinite precision (it is a tautology like G=G), the precision depends only on the number of bytes used, he also has a numerology (converting constants to rational numbers.

The reason is simple: The proposed expression for G contains G. The rest of the expression simplifies to 1. I provided the Python Sympy derivations. Anyone can check it.

So, in his "work" you see idiotic ideas like: Time Unit is 1/6961 iSpace-second...:)

Gerd Pommerenke

In the case of Gerd Pommerenke, there the model has a logspiral photon path in a 4D spatial manifold. I explained to Gerd that all logspirals models (where the 4D k-vector is at a constant angle with respect to the 3D hypersurface), produce ZERO Redshift.

You can see that from the attached picture ("LightPropagationin4D_left.png").

So, any claim that the model fits the Supernova Observations is fraudulent.

In addition, the model is a simple one-dimensional waveguide model, where a conductance kappa is arbitrarily introduced and given values that create a tautology H_0=H_0.

In other words, when Gerd claims that he calculated the Hubble Constant, he is faking it.

I say faking it because he has been given this information and decided to disregard it. The same goes for Christian G. Wolf.

Nobody is at blame when one makes a mistake in a calculation. To persist after learning the mistake and refuse to retract the work is scientific fraud.

The problem is that the kappa, when inserted into the proposed formula for the Hubble Constant, yields a tautology H_0=H_0.

The reason is simple: The proposed expression contains Kappa_0. Kappa_0 contains H_0. The rest of the expression simplifies to 1. I provided the Python Sympy derivations. Anyone can check it.

Gerd knows that H_0 cannot be a cosmological constant since it is equal to the inverse of the universe's age. Gerd lifted the Universe as a Lightspeed Expanding Hyperspherical Hypersurface from my work without referencing it.

The problem is that, in my theory, all particles are surfing the Inner Dilation Layer, and thus, they cannot move radially at will. They are being dragged by the Inner Dilation Layer.

That is not the case in Gerd's model, so Gerd cannot explain why particles don't diffuse in 4D or why Gravity and Electromagnetism do not decay with cubic distances.

In addition, Gerd's value of vacuum impedance is imaginary, meaning that light would be absorbed as it travels over billions and billions of light-years, resulting in a totally dark sky.

For the value of the impedance, we wouldn't be able to see the Sun!!!

So, the model grossly failed, and the contrived value of kappa was designed to create the tautology.

Hence, in addition to not reproducing redshifts and containing circular reasoning, Gerd's work claim of deriving Cosmological Constants is fraudulent.

Circular reasoning and tautology fraud are very common, so it is worthwhile to evaluate these two models.

Feel free to ask questions. I provided the Python Notebooks showcasing the tautologies.