Can we calculate the amount of other atoms (from ICP data) and then calculate the amount of oxygen?
No, it is impossible. You always use the solvent which contains water or/and oxygen. Also, all calibration solutions contain oxygen.
You are asking if you can take a compound and back-calculate the amount of oxygen present, knowing the ratio of the other elements in the compound. The answer is yes; the issue would be the accuracy of the calculated value with respect to the actual compound.
You can directly measure oxygen using ICP-OES; this is well established in the literature. The issue in your case would be sample introduction.
Please, take into account:
Ionization Energies: Ar = 15.76eV and Oxygen 13.62eV This is important for the ionization efficiency.
For ICPOES: Oxygen emission spectra: It can be detected in IR region. Between 250-350nm it shows emission lines due to CO molecule and OH. In UV region O peaks below 170nm and gives noise below 190nm.
I would try other techniques rather than ICPs for oxygen determination such as thermal-based techniques and IR determination (thermal desorption gas chromatography, purge and trap, etc.).
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