In general heterogeneous nucleation in metals,

We can consider some defects influencing the nucleation rate, such as grain boundary (grain size), dislocation density, phase interface, and so on.

I wonder which factors are most influential on heterogeneous nucleation rate, among them.

I hope to see some quantitative studies on the effect of type and quantity of defects on heterogeneous nucleation rate because it is hard to find.

Please give precious comments.

Thanks.