Trying to find research on the carrot and the stick approach and possible influences it has on exercise intensity, ideally soccer/football but any sport would be great. Mainly looking at punishment avoidance but can’t seem to find any recent journals that investigate this method yet it is commonly used in practice.
A phenomenon that may be seen in the army perhaps or prisons?! I did not come across published literature, but one thing is sure: Never use sports, exercise and reading as punishment with children! In football (and many other team sports), you may come across negative reinforcement used by coached, which is not punishment though!
I can tell you about the risk of using exercise as punishment. Dr. Priscilla Clarkson did some research on exertional rhabdomyolysis and reports extremely serious consequences of heavy muscular exertion, warning against using exercise as punishment. You may check Clarkson, P. M. (1993). Worst Case Scenarios: Exertional Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Sports Science Exchange, 4(42), 1-6.
Clarkson, P. M. (2006). Case report of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a 12-year-old boy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(2), 197-200.
Thank you for the responses. I think I was so clear in my mind about the question I probably did not explain it how I should have. My investigation involves professional (adult) soccer players and looking at ways to increase training intensity. The punishment, or incentive I maybe should of referred to it as, is based on the analysis of heart rate data and those who do not meet the required cut off intensity have to perform an additional high-intensity shuttle run (may be seen as a punishment). There is a lot of research speculating about punishment avoidance as a good external motivator, but I can not find any clinical studies that have tested this. It is used regularly in sport (e.g., if you lose the match, training will be physically hard or teams may have to perform x amount of sprints in relation to x amount of goals/points conceded during training games). I understand your concerns for negative based coaching but this method could also be seen as a positive. The players are given a training load based on their individual endurance capacities and opportunity to self-regulate and meet their target. As a reward for working hard and meeting the desired intensity, they do not have to complete the additional high-intensity shuttle run.
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