I want to the study atmospheric air with respect to its content as well as with respect to its distrubution and its proportion. I want to know the instrument or any technique used regarding this.
This is a very broad topic. To start with, I would suggest you to go through "Introduction to atmospheric chemistry and Physics" by prof Daniel Jacob. For the instrumentation, you can start with "Analytical techniques for atmospheric measurements" by Prof Dwayne heard.
At the beginnings, first you must decide, whether you'd like to conduct a high accuracy in-depth study or just to be a user of gas-monitoring technologies/techniques. Secondly, the choice of analysing method is important.
There are many portable or laboratory monitoring devices available on the market, based on mass spectrometry & gas chromatography (GC-MS spectrometers), solid state detectors or FTIR spectrometers.