DES are often seen as green solvents, however, their chemistry and mechanism is still scarcely available. How do they posses lower melting and freezing tendencies in-comparisons to their original constituents? And what are their potential applications in industry?
As far as the lower melting and freezing tendencies of DESs are conecerned, DESs contain large, nonsymmetric ions that have low lattice energy and hence low melting points. They are usually obtained by the complexation of a quaternary ammonium salt with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The charge delocalization occurring through hydrogen bonding between for example a halide ion and the hydrogen-donor moiety is responsible for the decrease in the melting point of the mixture relative to the melting points of the individual components. I find this article of ACS helpful on this issue: ThanksArticle Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications
Choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvent was prepared by stirring the mixture of choline chloride and urea (mole ratio 1:2) at 80 °C until a homogeneous colorless liquid was formed and then stored in vacuum dryer
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