In development countries, as in some Arab countries, higher education is in perpetual decline and the university has no ambition with poor training. One of the causes of this degradation is the brain drain with competencies who find better conditions in the developed countries.
Dear @Oum, I have taken part in many similar research questions. I do bring the links here, as there are many fine answers and lot of resources about this issue.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Brain_drain_from_developing_countries_Yes_or_No
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_prevent_brain_drain_as_a_serious_problem_in_most_developing_countries
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_brain_drain_a_real_chance_or_a_real_disaster_for_developing_countries
https://www.researchgate.net/post/As_researchers_or_scientists_should_we_contribute_to_or_prevent_the_brain_drain
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_impact_of_brain_drain_on_developing_economies
Dear O.K. Ben Hassine,
I have the same question for our country. You are right that "BRAINED PERSONS" often seek for better conditions: financially and professional growth, etc. Our country has a program on motivating Filipino Scientists to come back to Philippines to assist our country in terms of Research and Development, and Science and Technology. Our government, give full financial support to this program, including salaries, accommodations, research and development support, etc.
Some scientist from abroad don't go back to foreign lands anymore, but stayed in the Philippines since then. This can be one approach, but I am advocating that the government will have equal efforts on preventing "BRAINED PERSONS" from going out of the country in the first place.
Because motivating scientist to go back is a kind of cure. We have to have preventive measure in the first place, hence a developing country has to invest on how to prevent their researcher/scientist, BRAINED PERSON' from going out of the country by providing the above-mentioned better conditions in our country -- financially and professional growth.
Thank you Benjamin J. Gonzales for this fruitful exchange of information.
I agree with you: it is not enough to encourage those who have left to return.
But we must first encourage those who are in place to stay.
In my country, it is the attitude of the academics themselves (with no respect of ethical norms), which generates serious problems of governance (lobbying, clientelism), but also the hegemony of the unions which have supplanted the academic bodies that push best elements to leave and put out the best Seniors who do not allegiance to these lobbies.
Dear Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine,
I am from a former socialist country, with a very slow transition economy towards real market economy. The phenomenon of brain drain is dramatic due to attraction of better jobs in well-developed countries but also to lack of any governmental policies and strategies to decrease this phenomenon. In universities we had to change completely the legislation such that young and talented people could be promoted based only on research and teaching results, regardless of their age. The previous legislation contained a kind of waiting time which demotivated young people to remain in academic life. No, it is better but still the best of our graduates want to go abroad for further studies in master and doctoral programs and then to remain there. New governmental policies and strategies should be design to motivate them to come back, which is not so easy.
Absolutely agree. Education abroad is typical for the many countries, Government should facilitate this process, but there should be commitment to motivate them to return back
Thank you professor Constantin Bratianu for your enriching reply..
You are right, it is the lack of clear policy and strategies on the part of governments to reduce this phenomenon that must be pointed. However, there is also the attitude of colleagues who do not appreciate the return of those who have been trained in the universities of developed countries.
My own career is very telling about that.
Indeed, I was a teacher-researcher in a French university where I prepared and obtained my doctorate.
I made the decision by myself to go back to the Tunisian University.
But I was very badly received by my colleagues
I am hard-fought to create a research laboratory and to develop quality teaching..
Thank you Mariam Tarasashvili but what are these better alternatives?
Dear Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine,
In countries where culture is not built on intellectual values (like mine or yours), the envy is very powerful and generates this kind of rejection. I got a Master Diploma and Ph.D. Diploma from a famous US university in a very new domain of research. Back home I got an unthinkable hostile attitude against me and many of my colleagues tried hardly to minimize my research performance. After some years i decided to change the university.
Unfortunately, this type of behavior is due to a primitive culture which does not recognize the true intellectual values.
My country Serbia has been ranked number 1 country in the world by brain drain!
Brain drain: How to bring young Serbs back?
http://serbianmonitor.com/en/featured/34712/brain-drain-to-bring-young-serbs-back/
Dear @Oum, I have taken part in many similar research questions. I do bring the links here, as there are many fine answers and lot of resources about this issue.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Brain_drain_from_developing_countries_Yes_or_No
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_prevent_brain_drain_as_a_serious_problem_in_most_developing_countries
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_brain_drain_a_real_chance_or_a_real_disaster_for_developing_countries
https://www.researchgate.net/post/As_researchers_or_scientists_should_we_contribute_to_or_prevent_the_brain_drain
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_impact_of_brain_drain_on_developing_economies
Ensuring good structures in education and workplace in developing countries
There is the saying: "You do not have to ban bad music, you have to contrast good music to bad music." Never have any prohibitions solved the problems yet. Prohibitions have never worked and will not work. It all depends on the person's conscience, from understanding that the Motherland is where you were born, and not where you feel good. In general, it is not need worry and worry much. Given the rapid development of Internet technologies, the borders between countries are erased and many of the works can be done in their home countries quite good and effectively. Indeed, what's the difference in which country the program was written in C#. It is important that it performs its functions well and reliably. A good education can also be obtained from the Internet, where all knowledge lies. You just need to have the technology in order to extract this knowledge and understand it. This is all the more urgent now, because throughout the world, education in universities has greatly degraded and produces more consumers than creators. This fact should be well understood when deciding to leave the country. That is, self-education could solve all problems with the acquisition of good knowledge, and you should not be afraid of it. It should also be well understood that immigrants will never be Insiders in foreign countries, they will always be third-rate people. Thus, a trip to foreign countries for a good life is a myth.
Dear Dr Gennady Fedulov,
I agree with you, the ban is not a solution to consider especially that human beings are free of their destiny ..
But what can be done to stem the evil in these developing countries where lack of means requires reliance on human skills?
What to do to stop this massive migration of skills:
" Tunisian professors seeking better pay and working conditions are emigrating in large numbers, leaving the students and professors left behind worrying the country’s quality of education.
Over the past three years, more than 1,800 university professors have left the country, including 800 this year, according to Tunisia’s minister of higher education."
READ THE ARTICLE, IT IS EDIFYING :
Tunisian Professors Flee the Country for Better Salaries : 1800 university professors left Tunisia in last 3 years.
by Ibtissem Jamel / 28 Jul 2017
Available on : https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2017/07/tunisian-professors-flee-country-better-salaries/
Good question, and i supported answer Dr.Mariam Tarasashvili.
best regard
Dear Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine,
This is a comment from your link: Jelel Ezzine · Professor at Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis - ENIT:
"The diffrent Higher Edu Ministers were and are unfit to the present lingering challenges! It is firstly the failure of our politicians and their motivations!!! There are immidiate solutions but you have to have a deep undertsanding of the system to design and deploy such solutions not just belonging to higher education. Q.E.D."
Key phrase is "It is firstly the failure of our politicians and their motivations!!!".
From this it follows: The problem can be solved if the people will drive out these politicians and elects other more patriotic politicians. Why do you tolerate them and let them mock the people? Why do you think that immigrants from Tunisia will always be accepted?
Dear Dr Gennady Fedulov ,
My colleague Jelel Ezzine held a position of high responsibility in our Ministry of Higher Education for a few years. What was his contribution to make things change ??? !!!!!!!!
The whole system is to blame, including teachers-researchers.
Dr Saad Kariem Shather ,
But what are these better alternatives?
Give support to young researchers to study in reputable universities around the globe, with a mechanism to ensure that when they go back to the country/university, they will land a good job with suitable environment to carryout/continue their respective field of specializations. I have perceived this from my own experienced and similarly with my colleagues in Philippines.
Dr Benjamin J. Gonzales
In our country, that is the question...
Hello,
I find this very interesting as my country (Venezuela) is going trough a similar situation (brain drain because of the complex social-political problem). I will like to add some of my views later because I am myself a young professional who left the country for some of the reasons mentioned above, plus others: low incomes, infrastructure degradation, risk of being professionally isolated and stuck, and CRIME rate (the worst one).
Speaking with other friends from my country that are also living in the UK, we were wondering about the idea of "going back" if things get better. Also, we talked about facing the facts about the quality of the education and the professional practices in both countries. Some conclusions we had:
1) It's a matter of time: Once your life is settled outside your country, the hardest it will be to leave everything behind again in order to go back. Some might be open to the idea to go back but they reckon it will be harder if they are already settled or in the process to be settled in their new country. Others are too scared, angry or dissapointed of the situation and are not willing to go back. This is because in Venezuela, apart from the economic problems, the crime rate is so high that even if you are getting a good payment there's no security for you to enjoy a quiet and peaceful life, so it al goes to a matter of life quality.
2) Quality of education and professional practice IS NOT really so much better in the new country: Here they have more resources and better infrastructure, that's right, but sometimes there is a feeling like something else is missing. Developed countries adapted their university programs in a way that in order to have the knowledge equivalent to an "old days" BSc degree, nowadays you will probably need to do a MSc and even with that you will be probably short. Friends here, who already had degrees from their home countries, had to pay for national Degrees (BSc or MSc) in order to gain access to the job market. The general feeling was that the level was low (compared to their education) or that the MSc was like the last year in their BSc back home. In their works as professionals (i.e.engineers) they are seen as good hard workers. Some people, like me, is working in other jobs not related to their profesional career, and even when this feels a littlle frustrating, it is better than being starving or killed back in home where conditions are Far from tolerable.
SO... what do you offer to the young people to go back? And I will put it in the order I believe is more important:
-Security (you will leave in a peaceful place with no fear of being harmed)
-Equality (non political or religious bias in order to succeed)
-Fair and secure jobs offers: Being able to achieve at least the same quality of life you had in the other country (why going back if my situation is gonna be worst?); and with the security that they are not gonna lost it in a short period (because a 6 months contract is not worth the effort of moving, and is not a clever choice)
- Willingness of the company (or the country) to improve for good: Why going away if that professional experience will set me three steps behind from the technical advances of the developed countries? So COMMITMENT to improve infrastructure and technology is also important.
That's all for now, hope to hear from you on this.
Kind regards
How to stop brain drain?
People get disenchanted with low rewards available for their qualifications and experience, which compels them to migrate to developed countries in search of greener pastures. If we want to arrest brain drain, we will have to
— Provide better job opportunities irrespective of caste, creed, race or nationality.
— Promote people on merit alone.
— Provide attractive salaries to highly qualified people on the basis of their qualifications and experience.
— Improve the quality of our universities and bring them at par with universities in Europe and America.
— Provide adequate research facilities.
— Do away with the quota system at once if not done till now...
https://www.dawn.com/news/866601
Countries should value their own scholars and must be willing to support them anyway they can to bring smile on their faces as they selflessly serve their motherlands.
create facilities,perks and environment -brain drain will be reduced significantly
In general, this is a problem of conscience. Some believe that the Motherland is where you were born, others believe that the Motherland is where you are live well. People sometimes sacrifice their lives as patriots of their country like Lieutenant Prokhorenko and Major Filipov in Syria, although they were still very young. However, they understood that captivity is a shame and humiliation of the country, and the only choice is to undermine themselves and several other bandits around them. For thinking - only one second. Even the Italians placed in Italy a monument to lieutenant Prokhorenko since they were much inspired by his feat. For example, some of the athletes from Russia did not want to be humiliated and offended, and did not go to the winter Olympics 2018 in South Korea. The other part agreed to go and even very much wanted to go despite the humiliation, despite insults to act under a neutral flag, with an insulting inscription on the athletic form "Athletes from Russia." They do not understand that this is a betrayal? They say: "How so, we trained so much, we prepared to so much to participate". One thing must be understood: the brain drain is the loss of the sovereignty of the country, as it is the loss of education and technologies that could make the country more independent and prosperous. Yes, one can understand the brain drain, but this is a form of betrayal.
Leaders in politics, industry and education sector need to create environment.
The government should give serious priority to this concern. That is formulating plan for it with proper logistics and money!
I agree with Dr Bryar Hassan.
I think that brain drain is an endemic evil in many developing countries.
The skills, who leave, exercise their right to choose their future, but their countries lose important national frames (executives) and their departure has an immediate negative impact on higher education quality and the future of students.
A serious problem of general governance in these countries is at the origin of this brain drain. Indeed, political considerations dominate in the establishment of different structures and in the appointments of responsible, with their taken hostage by the lobby, the clan or the party that brought them to power.
University is not shielded from this danger. Thus, abuses of power, clientelism and leveling down are the rules and the foundations of the university institution. This obliges those who do not adhere to this system and who believe in the ethical values to leave towards the universities of the other countries where these ethical values are shared.
Dear Dr. Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine you have raised the world wide growing concern that has a very serious impact on economy, health, education, etc in the developing countries.Brain drain is defined as the migration of health personnel in search of the better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide ( Dodani and LaPorte, 2005).Yes you are right dear Dr. Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine. The majority of migration is from developing to developed countries.The main drivers of brain drain are:
- Better standards of living and quality of life,
- Higher salaries,
- Access to advanced technology and
- More stable political conditions in the developed countries attract talent from less developed areas.
So, addressing the aforementioned gaps can minimize brain drain from the developing countries.
People always look for opportunity to utilize their talents and contribute to development. They look for conducive environment for the same.
Brain drain also happens from smaller city and towns to bigger city where better opportunities are available. Their passion to excel make them move.
People also move due to economic reasons for better prospects. Therefore movement happens to other countries as well.
By strengthening the government regulation and making a clear directed policy to those who need to acquire education abroad. I am here talking about the scholarship students who sent by their countries to further their education abroad. Besides, the ministries like higher education and etc needs to provide opportunities and smooth internal environments that will give motivational attraction to those who sent abroad to be return upon completion of their studies and missions.
thanks for recommendations@
- Marina Maisuradze
- Beemnet Mengesha Kassahun
Dear @Beemnet, citing original resource is a MUST! Otherwise, it is pure copy/paste plagiarism. Please, stop it.
Article Brain drain from developing countries: How can brain drain b...
Thank you very much Dr Murad A. A. Almekhlafi for recalling this reference about Tunisian professors that I mentioned earlier.
Our govrnment has a program in increasing the salaries of our professors, thru merit system. Our colleagues are beginning to appreciate this gesture.
Prof. Benjamin J. Gonzales,
In my country, it is not only a matter of low salaries but it is also a serious problem of governance which largely contributes to the brain drain. Indeed, political considerations dominate in the establishment of different structures and reforms and in the choice of leaders. The latter are then, after their nomination or pseudo-election, taken hostage by those, especially by the unions, who brought them to power.
Thus, abuses of power, clientelism and leveling down have become the rules and the foundations of the university institution, which pushes those who do not adhere to this system to leave towards the universities of the other countries where ethical values are shared and where only merit is taken into account.
Departure of these competencies had an immediate negative impact on higher education quality and on students.training.
who do not adhere to this system
Yes, you are right Ben Hassine. In reality higher salary is only one aspect. It is true that negative political system and academic culture are big contributions to discontentment of many faculty and staff in the academic world. However, it is worth dealing with these problems one step at a time.
Some may be solved, others may not be solved or will take a (very) long time to be solved?
Dear Prof. Benjamin J. Gonzales,
I absolutely agree with you. It is so much easier and shorter in time to raise salaries and improve material conditions than to change the political system or the mentalities of actors and the bad academic traditions.
Thank you, Ben Hassine,
Academic and political traditions are hard and long to build, and harder and longer to change.
Hence, change should be started the earliest time.
Dear Prof. Benjamin J. Gonzales,
In my opinion, the existence of a political will is crucial to effect change. Indeed, the political will is essential to develop a strategy to change mentalities without which it will be difficult to achieve real change in attitudes and behavior, in bad tradiions and unethical actions. In this connection, I will quote two examples:
1 - The following day of May 1968, the politicization affected governance at the French University with a progressive interference of unions in elections to the various of Universities Councils. It also affected the recruitment of academics which was carried out according to trade union or political criteria, to the detriment of the academic criteria. It is only through the political will of the government of the 1980s and especially of a Minister of Higher Education that the situation has changed with the constitution of specialist committees where only scientific and pedagogical competencies criteria are taken into account.
2 - The promulgation by the first president of Tunisian state (Habib Bourguiba) of the personal status code, which restored the woman's rights by granting her the status of full citizen, represented the political will of an enlightened leader despite retrograde mental structures and well-established and unjust traditions towards women. For this clairvoyant politician, promotion of women's rights was conceived not only in the interest of women but above all to make modernization root in Tunisian society. He has thus, with the help of decrees and laws, put Tunisia on the path of modernity and a new choice of society.
It is therefore through the political will that this reform was imposed by means of decrees and laws and was quickly accepted, following a pedagogical communication of the political leaders and development of an education able to reform structures and mentalities. This reform has allowed Tunisia to progress and to be an exception in the Arab-Muslim world.
Preventing the brain drain
http://www.eiu.com/industry/article/1365863120/preventing-the-brain-drain/2017-09-06
Pr Guillermo Cardoza,
Thanks for these informations. However, in developing countries, like mine, there is a lack of vision and an absence of effective and adequate strategies that added to some unethical practices and behaviors of academics themselves, especially those of unions who marginalize the best elements.
Good example from Mississippi. The problem of brain drain is not only the problem for developing countries.
'Brain Drain' Tax Credit Legislation Passes Mississippi House
"The Mississippi House of Representatives wants young people to stay in Mississippi. It unanimously passed a measure Wednesday to offer tax breaks to recent college graduates who stay in Mississippi and work in the state, immediately after graduation from a four-year college or university...
The bill specifies that graduates must be Mississippi residents, but they can attend out-of-state universities and return home to receive the tax credit. The legislation only includes students who receive a baccalaureate or post-graduate degree, not associate's degrees offered at community colleges..."
http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2018/feb/15/brain-drain-tax-credit-legislation-passes-mississi/
I think by providing adequate research facilities, better job opportunities and attractive salaries.
Please also have a look at this useful RG link.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_best_way_to_stop_the_brain-drain
Dear Dr. Jacic,
This is a good example of fighting brain drain. Any form of incentive and encouragement are indeed necessary. Thanks.
Dear Dr. Jacic,
This is a good example of fighting the brain drain.
Any form of incentive and encouragement are indeed necessary. Thanks.
Dear Dr. Jacic,
Thank you . This is a good strategy in fighting brain drain. Incentives and encouragements are indeed necessary.
Dear @Benjamin, please, delete your same multiple answers. Problem occurs when you post your question due to RG problems. Message appears:
"An error occurred
operator can be used only with paginated fields or arrays"
Just, refresh the page and your answer will be posted.
Dear Dr Ljubomir,
Thank you for sharing Mississippi legislation. It will go a long way in retaining graduating persons to work and contribute.
However, it is important that necessary jobs for such graduates are available so that talent is better utilised.
Best regards
Ashok Pundir
Hello, in my opinion it is necessary to value financially and give material conditions (and laboratories) to keep researchers working in the country. Often, when they return from the PHd abroad, they are disappointed by the lack of conditions to pursue their research and lack of government incentive. I realize this here in my country. Greetings!
Dear Dr. Ljubomir Jacić,
In my opinion, example of Mississippi is not a form of brain drain but rather an internal exodus of skills within the federal state (United States). This form of exodus exists between the different regions of all countries: between the North and the South, between the cities and the countryside, between the coast and the interior, etc.
Finally this form of exodus does not represent a loss for the states (for United States in the case of Mississippi), unlike the brain drain from one state to another state (example from Tunisia to France) which is a huge loss for their home countries, especially those in development who are in great need of these skills that they have, largely or totally, trained.
Dear Dr Osmar Antonio Bonzanini,
It's not just the financial and material conditions. For that, I will quote you my own experience. In my case, after spending one year as a researcher in French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and 4 years as an Associate Professor in Sciences and Technics University of Montpellier (France), I decided to come back to serve Tunisian University. So, I returned to Tunis University. I was then very badly received by my colleagues who asked me why I was coming and for to do what?
- I spent about one year in Faculty corridors without work space and without working tools.
- In front of my determination to obtain work tools to do research, some of my colleagues said to me without embarrassment: go to take care of your house and your husband. One of these colleagues was responsible for a newly created Research Center.
I had to fight hard and during a long time to have minimal working conditions.
- By dint of determination, I ended up getting a part of an old library to install a research laboratory. I had to assume, alone and at my expense, the transformation of this local into a functional laboratory.
- My first research project was funded by International Foundation for Science.
It was, however, rejected by my Tunisian fellow evaluators.
Dear Oum, I sympathize with you and congratulate you for your strength and persistence in remaining firm in your purposes! In my case, I did a doctorate abroad - paying my own costs - and the receptivity, in return, leaves something to be desired, especially from colleagues who have not even been able to reach a master's degree. It is unfortunate, but the attitudes of the human being are amazing! Greetings!
We can not stop this brain-drain process. Because a poor country can not afford the scientists to pay enough money to provide them a reasonably satisfactory level of life.
Moreover, when being abroad you meet e.g., Russians, Chinese, Vietnamese - the impression of them - certainly will greatly differ from those who decided to do research staying in his own country. Because those whom you meet abroad - overcame an intellectual barrier. In other words - abroad you meet best-of-the-best representatives of the "2nd-rate-countries'
Thank you, Dr Osmar Antonio Bonzanini, for your sympathy that expresses your noble feelings.
Unfortunately, these shameful behaviors of some of our university compatriots, often mediocre, are very detrimental. especially for young people today who no longer accept sacrifices.
Dear Dr Leonid V Vladimirov ,
Certainly the presence of researchers of different nationalities in countries research institutions is an enrichment. But these exchanges must be reciprocal between the different countries and be done in a framework negotiated between states for the purpose of mutual enrichment.
By similarity and analogy with physical phenomena we can say:
It's a kind of migration to satisfy the cancellation of Gibbs' free energy.
Minimization of energy (stability, well-being, satisfaction, happiness) and maximization of entropy (activity, power, fulfillment, help to others, etc.)!
According to the sign, the phenomenon is spontaneous, or impossible (must-be forced), or in equilibrium (reversible phenomenon)!
In developing countries, the phenomenon is spontaneous! There is a certain cause-effect relationship.
Among the causes, the political problems, the democracy, the colonial inheritance, etc ...
Human Rights, Governance and Public Policy to Counter the Structural Problems and Brain Drain in Latin America and Haiti
MoÏse Lindor
http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/5aab267f4cef5.pdf
Many thanks Dr Guillermo Cardoza for this useful document.
The Emigration-Development Nexus: Recent Advances from the Growth Theory Perspective
F Docquier
https://perso.uclouvain.be/frederic.docquier/filePDF/RED_EmigDev.pdf
Just recently, the Philippine Government signed a Law that would give more incentives to returning Filipino Scientists and engineers working in other countries. This is to encourage Filipino scientists to return and contribute to the development of the country. Under this Bill, the returning scientist will enjoy various compensations that include: tax and duty exemptions to importation of professional equipment and materials, free medical accident insurance, and avail of the country's fund for research, relocation benefits, etc. What do you think of this?
Dear Dr Benjamin J. Gonzales,
Please, see above what I wrote to Dr Osmar Antonio Bonzanini,11 days ago, on this aspect.
My research question about scientific diaspora fits here.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_diaspora_Are_You_aware_of_its_power_and_possibilities_of_their_contribution_to_motherland?_ec=topicPostOverviewAuthoredQuestions
There are about hundred of answers and many fine resources.
Many thanks Dr Ljubomir Jacić for these useful informations.
Globalisation, the Mobility of Skilled Workers, and Economic Growth: Constructing a Novel Brain Drain/Gain Index for European
Qiantao A. Zhang
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13132-017-0505-x
There is no way to fight the brain-drain - because the quality of education in developed countries is much higher. On the other hand - the possibility of the brains migrated abroad seeking for better education - at some moment if the conditions for research in their mother-land dramatically improved will return back - I think is rather high. And I know many examples of such a behavior
Dear Dr Leonid V Vladimirov,
I agree with you in part because it is not only the conditions of research (which are part of the visible obstacles) that must be drastically improved in the motherland . Many other aspects, which are invisible obstacles, represent barriers to scientific diaspora return .
These barriers result from active or passive, conscious or unconscious behaviors. They are due to non-respect of ethical values as it is the cases of defamations more frequent than one thinks and which harm the conditions of work, the serenity of the relations within the university and even to its international reputation.
Thus, in my country, the hegemony of certain lobbies and, particularly the trade union lobby, has accentuated the impact of this type of obstacles since 2011.
Brain drain from developing countries: how can brain drain be converted into wisdom gain?
Sunita Dodani and Ronald E LaPorte
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275994/
Many thanks Dr. Guillermo Cardoza for your valuable contribution to this discussion.
Brain drain Problem: A Review
Dr. Mohammad Reza Iravani
http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_15_August_2011/32.pdf
Thank you Dr. Guillermo Cardoza for Dr. Mohammad Reza Iravani useful document.
Of the most prominent problems and negative phenomena afflicting the contemporary Arab societies and the subject of the phenomenon of brain drain notepad and creative to countries and places where the appropriate climate for the development of knowledge and caring minds Nabigha and translate it in the form of creations or inventions .. Which benefit the world and the researcher himself
Among these reasons: The weakness of the climate of innovation in the Arab and Islamic countries and the lack of suitable jobs
Not to allocate budgets for scientific research or very weak...And the absence of centers where they can conduct their research through the scientific research tools available to them.
Among these reasons: The political situation with the absence of democracy ...
Lack of appreciation of the scientific and political competencies of all kinds.
Append competencies work does not fit with their expertise, skills and specialties.
Philippine Government still impose high taxes to its high level salary grade scientists; disincentive rather than incentive, hence expecting more brain drain......
Dear Oum Kalthoum Ben Hassine , have you seen this related research question?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_stop_brain_drain_in_developing_economies_What_steps_should_be_taken_at_Goverment_level_to_stop_brain_drain
Reverse brain drain in South Korea: State-led model
Bang-Song L. Yoon
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02687102
right now, we prepared a paper with the results of a research that we did comparing expulsion and recipients countries, we note that not only are economic aspects (such as low salaries), but also other associated variables such as corruption, poverty and violence. I hope to share the paper soon.
Can Brain Drain Generate Gains for Less-Developed Countries? A Look at Empirical Cases in Asia
https://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/brain-drain-brain-circulation-and-linkage
I agree with you Dr Gennady Fedulov, the brain drain can be considered as a form of betrayal, a loss of country sovereignty and a loss of education and technologies that could make the country more dependent and less prosperous, indeed poor.
Yes I agree! Drs. Ben Hassine and Fedulov. It's a kind of turning your back from the problem, instead of facing it and make possible solutions... in your own little and humble ways!!!!!
Social Mobility, Brain Gain, and Brain Drain
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1960317748?pq-origsite=gscholar
Proposed solutions to reduce migration:
1 - Focus on training in school programs to motivate young people to attach to their homeland and not to neglect it.
2 - to take care of the qualifications of young people through the provision of some privileges such as transportation, housing and health insurance.
3 - Elimination of favoritism and the realization of the principle of equality and justice.
4 - Provide employment opportunities for young people.
5 - Open areas for the investment of youth qualifications such as cultural clubs and associations.
6. Encouraging young people to participate in political life
Dr Djaafar Zemali, Participation in political life has never been so allowed and intensive since "Arab Spring". Yet since the brain drain has never been so important and the process of deterioration of higher education has never been so disastrous (see attached pdf) ..... The skills migration is now a scourge in Tunisia for example.
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