Cellulose fibres in paper usually are not randomly oriented. I want to have an idea about the orientation of the fibres. How can I measure the distribution of the fibre orientations?
Hello Fei Guo
please check the resources
http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=889995
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10019-002-0180-8
Consider:
Neuroimage. 2007 May 1;35(4):1459-72. Epub 2007 Feb 21.
Robust determination of the fibre orientation distribution in diffusion MRI: non-negativity constrained super-resolved spherical deconvolution.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379540
Tournier JD1, Calamante F, Connelly A.
'...Diffusion tensor model to extract fibre directions from DW-MRI data (fails in regions containing multiple fibre orientations)...'
'...Spherical deconvolution technique to estimate of the fibre orientation distribution (FOD) (tends to introduce artefactual negative regions)...'
'...Proposed: constraint on such negative regions is proposed to improve the conditioning of the spherical deconvolution....'
Consider:
Estimation of Orientation Distribution of Fibers
www.mat.ucm.es/congresos/mweek/V_Modelling_Week/.../Report_Group7.pdf
Study of the distribution and orientation of fibers in SFRC specimens ...
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02480572
The fiber orientation is regularily measured by several methods:
Accoustically (Tensile Stiffness Orientation): with equipment from Lorentzen & Wettre
Mechanically: Tensile testing in CD and MD (which is influences by other papermaking technologies like draws during paper drying)
Optically: Sheet splitting of a sheet in 10 - 15 plies and analyzing the fiber orientation with a scanner plus software (which gives you a fiber orientation in z-direction)
I suggest, in accordance with Johannes, the TSO analysis. See pdf document
I think that the question has been very well answered by my previous colleagues.
The fibres have a tendency to more or less line up in the machine direction MD instead of the cross direction (CD), mainly because of speed differences between jet and wire.
Une way to have and idea of the fibre orientation in the paper is to determine the ratio, Tensile strength MD/Tensile strength CD. The higher this ratio the higher the orientation.
I totally agree with the previous responses about the Autoline TSO Testing Stiffness orientation. It is based on ultrasonics techniques for the evaluation of paper elastic properties and orientation.
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