Does anyone know how often a mitosis failes in normal cells (not cancer cells!), which might lead to mitotic catastrophe followed by apoptosis? If someone would have a reference for this I would be very happy!
The rate of spontaneous mitotic catastrophe (MC) in normal cultured cells is very low and harder to estimate. Therefore, most publications describe MC after certain treatments, such as exposure to radiations or anti-cancerous drugs.
The frequency of disturbances in mitosis can be measured by the degree of deviation from the normal amount of DNA - aneoploidii and polyploidy. You need to take into account the number of passages. In cultures of big number of passages can be seen "bridges" between chromosomes in anaphase, incomplete cytokinesis, micronuclei, etc. in a few percent of cells.
As mentioned above, frequency of mitotic catastrophe can be estimated by the frequency of chromosome mis-segregation, since chromosome mis-segregation is often followed by cell death. Here are some numbers for mis-segregation frequencies per cell division in normal diploid human cells:
RPE-1 cell line: 0.01 (Thompson and Compton, JCB, 2008); it means RPE-1 cells on average fail to segregate chromosomes correctly every 100 cell divisions.
BJ fibroblasts: 0.007 (Ganem et al., Nature, 2009);
isolated human hepatocytes: 0.04 (Knouse et al., PNAS, 2014)
isolated human brain cells: 0.022 (Knouse et al., PNAS, 2014)