Hi,

In principle, when TSL or OSL are recorded, electrons are de-trapped from various traps at different activation energy and excited to the conduction band (CB).

Eventually, the electron and hole recombination occur giving some energy which is known as recombination energy.

In some phosphors (in the absence of any activator) TSL or OSL are observed, which is solely due to the electron-hole recombination.

Also, in some cases, the recombination energy is transferred to the activator and excites it and upon de-excitation gives rise to TSL or OSL signal.

So, my queries are:

1. How much energy is released during an electron and hole recombination?

2. Like trapped electrons, do the holes have different energy?

3. Though the electrons corresponding to different traps need different activation energy to reach CB, however, once they reach the CB, do they have the same energy?

4. Do all the electron and hole recombinations release the same recombination energy?