You may calculate the size of nanoparticles by Debye sharrer equation, Williamson Hall, Halder Wagner using XRD pattern. You may check in following manuscript;

10.1039/D3MA01149F

I hope it will help you.

Thanks, Dr .Zaib Un Nisa Mughal .

I appreciate it to your consideration..

Hello, Hezam!

You can use dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) or atomic force microscope (AFM).

Scherrer's equation, which is calculated through XRD data, can only be used if your particles are up to 200 nm in size.

Dear Hezam Dhaifallah,

For nanoparticles size measurement SEM or TEM are preferred since you can observe the morphology and size distribution of the nanoparticles. A cheaper option is dynamic light scattering (DLS) that also can measure the size distribution but not the morphology.

With XRD as said above you can use the Scherrer equation or Williamson-Hall method for calculating the "crystallite size", which is the coherent domains. Although sometimes the crystallite size could be the same as a nanoparticle, it is not always like this. Remember that are crystallites

Hezam Dhaifallah,

The most accessible methods are DLS (if the particles can be suspended), SEM (if available), and XRD. Since you're working with carbon from wheat waste, SEM and XRD would be particularly useful to understand the particle size and crystalline nature.

Best regards, Alvena Shahid