It depends on the material you are working with and the methodology involved. Normally, 200mg should be adequate. However, you might want to optimize according to analytical procedures, reagent availability as well as your research focus.
As said by others, it depends on the material that is used, but other factors have to be considered. Thus, you may need more material if you want to extract and purify a substance or make functional studies (grams and above). For simple biochemical characterization, 0.1 to 0.5 g should be adequate.