many small reserves are set up, especially in Europe within various landscape contexts. These context may matter for the internal dynamics of the reserves
Biodiversity outside small reserves is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and overall biodiversity. Large, interconnected habitats support diverse species and allow for genetic exchange, which enhances the resilience of ecosystems. Biodiversity outside reserves also provides ecosystem services like pollination, water purification, and climate regulation, benefiting both wildlife and human populations. Conservation efforts need to address not only protected areas but also promote sustainable practices in surrounding landscapes to preserve biodiversity effectively.