They provide stable situation , respecting scientists without some restrictions and discriminations mostly, provide suitable economical situation and i think give the opportunity for making progress for qualified persons according to their talents and hard working not for being relatives of managers and the corruption is much less than third world countries!

The existing rules and providing peaceful situation is another major issue in developed countries,therefore as far as any country can not solve above factors the conditions lead to brain drain and it is rational reactions especially for young generations!

In my opinion globalisation of higher education - reaching the highest educational standarts will be helpful

Mobility is an important part of higher educacion. So called "developing countries" don't need to stop their peolple leaving the countries, but they should implement policies to facilitate the return migration.

Mobility shouldn't be stoped. Bidirectional will be a gain for all: the individuals and their communities.

Dear Dr. Marianne Levon Shahsuvaryan,

Thanks for taking interest. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

Thanks & Regards

Dear Dr. Vishnu Kumar Gupta,

Thanks for taking interest. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

Thanks & Regards

Dear Dr. Fernando Ruiz Peyré,

Thanks for taking interest. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

Thanks & Regards

Policy makers need to understand the push and pull factors associated with migration, and then design context-specific interventions that attract highly skilled people to work the country.

It is an issue that is not solved with legal restrictions, it depends on the investment made in multifactorial attention to human resources. An analysis in this regard appears in:

Quality of life and education in the knowledge society.

Chapter Quality of life and education in the knowledge society

Thank you for your relevant question. I think that the policies of higher education in developing countries can not by themselves control the brain drain. it is a problem of the whole society whose response must be the object of the overall public policy of the country. it is a matter of the whole country and all the sectors and not a matter of the authority responsible for higher education. a set of action in the context of an integrated national policy seems to be the right answer to this scourge, which hampers the development of developing countries.

it depends on the opportunity cost of leaving your country. It is therefore necessary to raise this cost, improving the living and working conditions of researchers & brains (better salaries, more prestige, promoting international networking).

Treat people well! Sounds easy, but it's not.

Find out what would make them stay, assuming you want them to. Individuals have different want and needs. Some combination of money, respect, enough research time, enough research resources, recognition, and so on....

Can the institution afford it? Should it, given how it treats others? Some want things you can't offer. You let them go. But you're constantly seeking to build ah place good people want to be.

Christopher NOCK

From a policy aspect, I like @Fernando Ruiz Peyré answer about getting educated people to return to developing countries so investment can continue. China did this. For my case study countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia, it is especially difficult because they are recoving from a long brutal civil war. So there is a generation of people who did not go to school (people in their 20s are attending primary schools). So many HEIs in these countries offer a few subjects and degree programs, they may only have a few HEIs in the country, then which it becomes a numbers problem, not everyone will be able to go to college. So, for very fragile countries, I like the idea of having scholarships so the brightest can learn in another country (it doesn't have to be the West, but I knew plenty of people who traveled to India, China, or Cuba to study and earn degrees) and return to the home country as a condition so they can payback with their knowledge and services. However, as someone mentioned there are a few obstacles, corruption is one as often these scholarships are few and far apart, so only those in the "inner circle" will get access to these scholarships. And especially in some government positions, we see that once people are educated or get some type of certificate, they are often promoted to a managerial/admin role to oversee other employees rather than do the job they got training for.

im interested to the link between education and mobility as im writing my thesis on : Education as a driver for ‘mobility’ - New challenges for the Indian diaspora in Europe. with this broad question :

´If there is more differentiation of ‘educational profiles’ living in urban areas in India compare to rural ones and if these urban areas -from which many Indian migrants are coming to study in Europe- are different one from another, to what extent the educational background can be relevant in the explanation of integration/inclusion difficulties in European urban contests?

any chance that someone can help by giving advices? I would like to spend a study period in India to investigate that argument and I'm looking for a strategic city to stay in, in order to analyse the movement of Indian students towards Europe (Italy especially )

Dear Daphne

I not an expert in the things that interest you. Still, I'll be brave enough to offer a few thoughts that might help a little. I hope they do!

I guess we have several different backgrounds to consider: rural (many types), urban (several types), educational background (many types), educational location in Europe (many places).

You have to make all this manageable! I'd pick three rural (relatively wealthy, relatively poor, one in between). I know that in some cases an entire village will sponsor one member at a time to study abroad. I'd pick three urban on the same basis. I'd pick three destinations for balance.

Much of what you want to do can be done, from where you are, through normal research methods. You can then pick one rural and one urban destination for field research. And Italy and the UK to see how the students settle in different places.

Christopher NOCK

Thank you Christopher , give me your email address so we can get in touch easily .

Hi Daphne,

We should use the Researchgate email system. I've sent you one to test it for you. You'll get a red warning top right of your main page. Just click on that. You can respond to that. Or you can go to the bottom of my "info" section and click on "send message".

I look forward to hearing from you.

Christopher NOCK

Perfect thank you

Thank you for raising an appropriate question. Yah, this is a burning problem for all developing country including India. In India, have a quality of students, doctors, Engineers, scientists etc but some of them are not intetested to work homeland. We have a quality of Institutions like IITs, IIMs and govement expanse a huge public money for each students. But we have seen some of them are after availing their degree they fly to developed countries like USA, CANADA etc. So, goverment should be taken this issue seriously and required good educational policy, social reforms, industrial policy etc. However, healty environment, peace, communication, skill development, good environment for buisness, gender equality, freedom are the prime factors which need to be consider. Healty debate in this regard higly appreciated.

I think we could find a lot of valid solutions to control or to get the best out the brain drain should we assume that the governments of the developing countries are keen on the Human Capital . Actually , There is no one perfect answer for the good practices to preserving and attracting human capital , each dominant culture has its own motivational drivers. Indians , Chinese and Middle eastern are having different stimuli to immigrate . Yes , There would be a shared common reason for immigrations , However each nation even in the age of globalization has its own cultural attributes and this is an area where we need the inputs from psychologists . Developing countries can assign a team of psychologists to examine the scientists' immigration records and cases and they would be able to rationally identify the stimuli and catalysts of immigration and then they can design programs for retaining their in-house talents as well as attracting their immigrant talents to return back to continue their endeavors at their home country.

Dear Dr. Nyawira Mwangi,

Thanks for expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Reinaldo Requeiro,

Thanks for expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Driss Harrizi,

Thanks for expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Georges Flexor,

Thanks for expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Christopher Nock,

Thanks for very detailed, systematic & effective expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Sabine Franklin,

Thanks for very detailed, systematic & effective expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Daphne Reguiesse,

Thanks for very detailed, systematic & effective expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Sanjib Baruah,

Thanks for very detailed, systematic & effective expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

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Dear Dr. Mohamed Maamoon,

Thanks for very detailed, systematic & effective expert inputs. Thanks also to spare your precious time for valuable answer.

Thanks & Regards

And thank you for an excellent question that got us all so interested!

NOCK

hi, it is me again, talking about education,

what do you think about this : https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chennai-india-riverbend-school-danish-kurani-education-creative-design-vivek-kiran-indira-reddy-a8261991.html

Arguably, globalization and internationalization of higher education could be the cause of brain. The curriculation of programmes with international relevance allows graduates to migrate to greener pastures. Perhaps, localization of the post-school curriculum could be a solution among others. However, the issue is more complex than this.

Dear Mohammed Naoua, I totally agree with you. However, governments do not always take this seriously. In my country, we are experiencing successive cuts in budgets and funds for research and education!

Dear @Daphne,

Thank you for sharing such information! Cheers.

It is the policy of our government that students who go on government scholarships must return home and serve their country for the agreed time on their scholarships (e.g., two years). In this way, at least the country would benefit from their knowledge and skills.

Best regards,

Debra

They provide stable situation , respecting scientists without some restrictions and discriminations mostly, provide suitable economical situation and i think give the opportunity for making progress for qualified persons according to their talents and hard working not for being relatives of managers and the corruption is much less than third world countries!

The existing rules and providing peaceful situation is another major issue in developed countries,therefore as far as any country can not solve above factors the conditions lead to brain drain and it is rational reactions especially for young generations!

these links are useful

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275994/

https://www1.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/SysLkpByIdentifier/3000/$FILE/dis3000.pdf

regards

Please look at pending file:

Agree with Sybert Mutereko.

regards

I hope this link will help you

https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/31/pdfs/brain-drain-from-developing-countries.pdf

regards

Policies need to be made to consistently provide local opportunity.