In structural design methods, load factors were been identified based on probabilistic models. as example, we use 1.6 as factor load for live load and 1.2 for dead load, could anybody explain how they determine that numerically? which means why they say 1.6 not another value.
One of the best methods i have come through is by reliability based approach for Load factors and using the FORM method. It gives us a very reliable value nearer to actual field conditions which can be used to simulate in any software or design manually. one similar paper related to this method is attached for any other info you can contact me.
Also we can do numerical modelling or stochastic process but these require lot of analytical skills and personal time spending.
http://assakkaf.com/Papers/Journals/Methodology_for_Developing_Reliability-Based_LRFD_Guidelines_for_Ship_Structures.pdf
the calibration of the AISC, ACI, and AASHTO specifications has all been done through Monte Carlo simulation and by first determining the level of reliability present in older designs, which we generally consider were acceptable but not uniform from a reliability standpoint.
Here are some useful references to understand the simulation process
http://www.cive.uh.edu/sites/cee.egr.uh.edu/files/lecture/nowak.pdf
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:8(1245)
In design standards, the final acceptance step is usually to check the standard by designing to both the old and proposed standard.
They calculate it through statistical analysis between the applied load and the target safety and performance of the structure. So by compromising between safety and cost, they calculate the load factors.
Load Factor is statistically-based multiplier applied to force effects accounting primarily for the variability of loads, the lack of accuracy in analysis, and the probability of simultaneous occurrence of different loads, but also related to the statistics of the resistance through the calibration process. Also, Resistance Factor is a statistically-based multiplier applied to nominal resistance accounting primarily for variability of material properties, structural dimensions and workmanship, and uncertainty in the prediction of resistance, but also related to the statistics of the loads through the calibration process. Both, Load Factor and Resistance Factor must be taken from the code used in the design of project
Please check references below.. hope it will be helpful for you…
Regards…
https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/TRyy0913/or11003revised.pdf
https://www.inti.gob.ar/cirsoc/pdf/puentes_hormigon/FHWA_Manual.pdf
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