Tillage loosens the soil, increasing the exposure of soil organic matter and hence speeding oxidization. This reduced soil organic matter content with a consequent release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion. Tillage also reduces crop residue, which help cushion the force of pounding raindrops. Soil compaction can lead to: poor root growth which reduces crop yield through poor water and nutrient uptake and difficulties with soil cultivation and seedbed preparation nd decrease in water entering the soil either as rain or irrigation. Compaction restricts rooting depth, which reduces the uptake of water and nutrients by plants. It decreases pore size, increases the proportion of water-filled pore space at field moisture, and decreases soil temperature. Since tillage systems alter soil physical properties throughout time, and that can increase soil compaction. This may end restricting root growth and plant access to subsoil water during the growing season.

Conservation tillage improves soil aggregate stability that enhances nutrient retention and reduces soil erosion thereby contributing to soil fertility and mediates air permeability, water infiltration, and nutrient cycling. Tillage loosens the soil, increasing the exposure of soil organic matter and hence speeding oxidization. This reduced soil organic matter content with a consequent release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion. Tillage also reduces crop residue, which help cushion the force of pounding raindrops. Without crop residue, soil particles become more easily dislodged, being moved or 'splashed' away. However, the use of tillage can stimulate loss of soil organic carbon (C) to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). Losses of CO2 may depend upon the degree of soil disturbance. The loss of soil carbon can reduce soil productivity, increase the need for fertilizer inputs, and reduce farm profits. These include a decrease in carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions, less reliance on farm machinery and equipment, and an overall reduction in fuel and labor costs. In addition, conservation tillage methods have been shown to improve soil health, reduce runoff, and limit the extent of erosion. Tilling the soil in conventional farming creates large air pockets which fill up with oxygen, prompting microbes to turn carbon in the soil into CO₂.Tillage operations generally loosens the soil, decreases soil bulk density and penetration resistance by increasing soil macro porosity. Under these conditions, improvements were also obtained in crop development and yield, especially in very dry years

Conservation tillage reduces carbon emissions by minimizing the amount of soil disturbance during planting and harvesting. This results in less soil erosion and a reduction in the release of carbon dioxide from the soil. By leaving crop residues on the soil surface, conservation tillage also increases the amount of organic matter in the soil, which helps to sequester carbon.

Tillage affects soil formation by disrupting the natural processes that create soil structure and fertility. When soil is tilled, it breaks up the aggregates that hold soil particles together, leading to increased erosion and loss of organic matter. This can lead to a decline in soil fertility, as well as reduced water-holding capacity and increased susceptibility to drought. Conservation tillage, on the other hand, helps to maintain soil structure and fertility by preserving organic matter and minimizing soil disturbance.

I agree with Dr Hossein Talebi Khiavi that tillage system intensity plays a significant role in determining soil organic matter by affecting both soil disturbance and surface residue. Soil aeration oxidizes soil organic matter causing carbon loss as carbon dioxide. Conservation tillage improves soil aggregate stability that enhances nutrient retention and reduces soil erosion thereby contributing to soil fertility and mediates air permeability, water infiltration, and nutrient cycling. Tillage loosens the soil, increasing the exposure of soil organic matter and hence speeding oxidization. This reduced soil organic matter content with a consequent release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Since tillage fractures the soil, it disrupts soil structure, accelerating surface runoff and soil erosion. Tillage also reduces crop residue, which help cushion the force of pounding raindrops. Without crop residue, soil particles become more easily dislodged, being moved or 'splashed' away. Tillage operations generally loosens the soil, decreases soil bulk density and penetration resistance by increasing soil macro porosity. Under these conditions, improvements were also obtained in crop development and yield, especially in very dry years. Tillage reduction can enhance soil aggregation, promote biological activity, and increase water holding capacity and infiltration rates. This leads to greater available soil moisture, improved soil tilth, and increased organic matter content.