Historical climate change has had a profound effect on current biogeography, so we can expect our ongoing and rapid climate change, to have as great an effect on flora and fauna. Climate change has important implications for nearly every aspect of life on Earth, and effects are already being felt.
Dr. Mal Lushaj,
In general, territory of Russia, Canada are the most affected by climate changes in recent years. As plant pathologist, I see the major threat to flora from increased frequency and magnitude of abiotic stresses (frost, heat, drought, flooding, unusual temperature - warm at the middle of winter, cold waves at summer), and spreading on new pests and pathogens to North. We have several examples of rapid (in 2-5 years) spreading of new more termophilic plant pathogenic bacteria in Russia - Dickeya sp., Erwinia amylovora, Acidovorax sp., Ralstonia solanacearum, phytoplasmas, and plant viruses. Termophilic fugi like Fusarium and Vericillium became predomonant soil-born pathogens in new areas.
There are some examples of 1-2 additional pest generations in Northern areas, and those summer generations are several folds more infected by viruses, mycoplasmas and bacteria, and work as disease vectors. There are many facts of moving of insects, spiders, birds for 200-400 km to North within a few last years.
Dr. Mal Lushaj,
In general, territory of Russia, Canada are the most affected by climate changes in recent years. As plant pathologist, I see the major threat to flora from increased frequency and magnitude of abiotic stresses (frost, heat, drought, flooding, unusual temperature - warm at the middle of winter, cold waves at summer), and spreading on new pests and pathogens to North. We have several examples of rapid (in 2-5 years) spreading of new more termophilic plant pathogenic bacteria in Russia - Dickeya sp., Erwinia amylovora, Acidovorax sp., Ralstonia solanacearum, phytoplasmas, and plant viruses. Termophilic fugi like Fusarium and Vericillium became predomonant soil-born pathogens in new areas.
There are some examples of 1-2 additional pest generations in Northern areas, and those summer generations are several folds more infected by viruses, mycoplasmas and bacteria, and work as disease vectors. There are many facts of moving of insects, spiders, birds for 200-400 km to North within a few last years.
it is true that climate change has effects on biodiversity. However the other side of the story, there has been genetic modifications and acclimatization. We have seen the fishes in Gulf lack expression of HSP 70. this clearly shows they don't have thermal stress.
Related to fauna, an example could be the one of the species using temporary ponds as breeding sites. If the period with high temperatures is long, the respective ponds can dry out before the completion of metamorphose of most amphibian larvae. Consequently, the adults that reach those ponds earlier than the other ones... have an advantage.
In case of the permanent shallow waters used as breeding areas the impact of the climate change is (probably) less obvious, so those ponds could be used as reference-sites in comparative analyses.
In a such kind of site (in the previous year) there was carried out an assessment on the size of the local breeding-population of Common Toad, a short summary of the issue being available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259761533_Monitoring_of_Bufo_bufo_pre-reproduction_migration_in_areas_from_the_Lower_Danube_region
Conference Paper Monitoring of Bufo bufo pre-reproduction migration in areas ...
Such a broad question! With respect to fauna, one negative impact could include the recent collapse of the Northern Shrimp in the Gulf of Maine. There appear to be no larvae left and it is suggested that warming waters are likely the primary reason of this. However, much research is needed in this area on this topic!
In general, there will be winners and losers of climate change. Some areas of the world will develop favorable habitats for certain species (i.e., as some colder areas become more tropical, tropical species will likely inhabit those areas). Some species, as Saif mentioned, will be able to acclimate or tolerate the new conditions. Other species may simply try to move to more favorable conditions. But some won't. Local or total extinction is certainly a possibility with climate change. Furthermore, although some species may be able to tolerate future conditions, there food source may not, leading to ripple effects within the food webs of many ecological communities. For example, it does not look good for pteropods in a future acidified ocean; if they are unable to survive, this could have major implications for animals that eat them directly (herring, salmon) or animals that reside further up the hierarchy (e.g. krill eat pteropods, many mammals eat krill).
One thing I often wonder about that certainly needs to be tested is how animals/plants will respond to increased variability in local climate/weather. Here in eastern Canada, the past few years have seen prolonged warming periods in the middle of our cold winter. These have consisted of 1-3 days of 15C+ temperatures with below zero conditions preceding them, and are followed by a rapid drop back to below-zero temperatures. What I wonder is that if these warming periods increase in their duration and continue to be followed by immediate and rapid cooling, could the warming be enough to trigger animals using temperature cues for things like spawning to engage that behaviour, lay their eggs, and then subsequently have an entire cohort of animals die off at once (i.e., rapid cooling kills all developing eggs).
Again, winners and losers, but still lots of work to be done!
Dear colleagues,
thanks a lot for your halps, what can we do on it?
Dr. Bashkim Lushaj: ”What will be the future?”
Well, there is (more) room for further researches focused on this issue (= climate change).
This means: opportunities for forthcoming projects developed in partnerships - including with You.
By the way, in the frame of a climate change-related project we have published (in 2013) o book with several chapters related to... methods to assess biodiversity.
So, under the umbrella of the very popular ”climate-change” issue can be done, practically, anything...
P.S. I will let You know when I will up-load to ResearchGate the chapter on amphibians and reptiles, compiled in the frame of that climate-change-related project.
We are thinking of Research center for climate change and plant stress study (including pests and pathogens) with international participation. My colleagues tryed to form such Center some time ago and got support for such idea from Green Cross Foundation and the World Bank President, but at that time official position of Russian Government was not accepting presence of global climate changes. Now, we have some support from this side too.
Dear Dr. Ignatov,
We may be able to contribute to the respective center with our institute's sections dealing with issues related to hydrobiology, herpetology etc.
Have You got contact with the colleagues from the Ukrainian Academy and the structures they have in this region?
They could also be of help in developing a potential research-network in the future...
Genetic diversity is a good subject in relation to climate change, but from more practical side, I have a special concern about North as possible source of new pathogenic bacteria and viruses that were "conserved" at Boreal area and can be very pathogenic under warmer climate. Ten years ago somebody estimated that large part of agricultural plants in Russia carry some pathogenic viruses, but stay asymptomatic at low temperature.
Dear Dr. Ignatov,,
Boreal area?
We do not have expertise in that area, but if there is anything we can help with from our region, please let me know about it in order to provide the necessary institutional support for the respective issue(s).
Best regards!
Dr. Török, many thanks!
I mentioned Boreal as extrim case - last studies found a lot of plant pathogenic bacteria frozen in permanent ice that will be melted in a few years... just as an example.
A study I carried out on the hawkmoths of the western Himalaya during the 1980s showed that more than one third had moved from the eastern (tropical) Himalaya to the western (Palearctic) Himalaya after 1937. I had shown this to be a result of the ongoing climatic change with warmer winters and increased soil humidity in a publication in 1994. At Oxford Univ in 1991, they had just set up a climate change unit, which had data for the northward extension of a bumble bee and the northward extension of the Corn Borer Moth in Europe, but nothing else.
Subsequently, several East Himalayan butterflies have colonized the Western Himalaya and birds that were summer visitors at 1500 m elevation have become residents.
”A study I carried out on the hawkmoths of the western Himalaya during the 1980s showed that more than one third had moved from the eastern (tropical) Himalaya to the western (Palearctic) Himalaya after 1937”
This seems to be interesting...
Do you have in electronic (e.g. pdf) copy of that work?
Zsolt, I shall be scanning and putting up this paper on rg in a few days. Will let you know when I do so... :) it was the pioneering paper on using an insect community as a bio indicator of climate change.
Short answer to initially proposed question.
Many plants (particularly grapes for wine) are quite sensitive to the average annual soil temperature and climate change impacts that. In more general terms, climate change will impact (via temp and precip changes) the overall flow of nutrients through most soils and that will affect entire ecosystems in both subtle and profound ways.
Dear colleagues,
we thank you very much for your comments, given to us!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Thanks a lot for your answers, given to me & others! All of you I wish a happy Christmas and a Happy New Year 2016!
Dear Dr. Zsolt Török,
I have my greetings to you from Tirana, Albania!
I have reread your very nice messages, given to me, thanks a lot!
Thank yu for your opinion and supports!
Before some time we have been in contact per via of ReasearchGate, so I need your help and cooperation, ...Let's beleive and hope for near future!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Alex Ignato,
I have my greetings to you from Tirana, Albania!
I have reread your very nice messages, given to me, thanks a lot!
Before some time we have been in contact per via of ReasearchGate, so I need your help and cooperation, ...Let's beleive and hope for near future!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Jeff C. Clements,
Yes, it iwa a broader question, and you sent to me very importan answer with very nice information!
Thanks a lot for your support, given to me in that time!
I beleive to be in contact with you per via of ReasearcGate again!
Yours sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. G. Bothun,
Thanks a lot for your answers, given to me & others!! I wish all the best!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Peter Smetacek,
Thanks a lot for your messages, given to me with comments!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Saif Uddin,
thanks a lot for your answer, sent to me!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Mohamed Hassaan,
yes, you have suggested to me, thanks a lot!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Prof. Ass. Emad,
thanks a lot for your question sent to me, but I didnt understand it! Please, help me to know your purpose. that you have given through the question!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Emad,
Exactly, this is what I am wondering about when this subject comes up.
We have an example of increase in asthma due to high prevailing humidities in central Canada. Of course, many people will not agree with this. From my students I know that only about 50 % of people know what humidity is.
I wish weather was in the school curriculum, especially now when the weather is changing. I mean in schools generally, because my graduates teach weather in their classes. Some of the little students bring up the subject in class, because it is being discussed at home.
Dear Prof. Emad,
Please, I note that you have mistaken the question with another colleague ...! I think so ...
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Mr. Michael Issigonis,
Thanks a lot for your message, sent to Emad for my account, done some time ago!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Bashkim,
Thank you very much for your so important question. I just want to say or to reform your question in the following "How does climate change affect Human beings life???, really I visited many African countries and I found a strange case(s) of lower limbs amputations and after investigation, I found a special insects that make a medical problems in the Tibia and Fibula bones so that Leeds to truncation operation, of course this is due climate change and rising of earth temperatures!!!
I hope to be right in my clarification.
Regards, Emad
All the best,
Dear Emad,
you asked me with your sentence: What about the human beings????
I didn't understand it for that moment ...
Yes, yes with your interevention you claryfied it, now yes, thanks a lot!
I am agree with your question: "How does climate change affect Human beings life???"
Before some tie I have had a question to every boady "How does climate change affect flora and fauna?" . Thera are two in diferent, pytja ime eshte per efektet e ndryshimeve klimatike on flore dhe faune, ndersa pytja jote eshte for efektet e ndryshimeve klimateike tek njerrzit
Dear Emad,
You asked me with your sentence: What about the human beings ????
I did not understand it for that moment ...
Yes, yes with your intervebtion you claryfied it, now yes, thanks a lot!
I agree with your question: "How does climate change affect Human beings life ???"
Before some tie I have a question to every boady "How does climate change affect flora and fauna?" . There are two in diferent questions, and concretely my question is about the effects of climate change on flora and fauna, while your question is about the effects of climate change on peoples of our "small" globe!!
Now I will use for other question.
Thanks a lot again for your clarifying and at the same time my understanding!
I wish all the best!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Dr. Emad, I thank you and for your comments in Africa!
Have a nice time!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Concretely:
How does climate change affect Human Beings life?
Historical climate change has had a profound effect on current biogeography, so we can expect our ongoing and rapid climate change, to have a great impact on human beings life. Climate change has important implications for almost every aspect of Human life on Earth , And effects are already being felt day by day, everywhere and everybody ..
Dear all of you.
Many countries are increasingly vulnerable to destructive weather events - floods, droughts, windstorms, or other parameters. The vulnerability is driven in part by recent extremes in climate variability but also countries' sensitivity to events exarbated by past practices, socioeconomic conditions, or legacy issues. The degree to which vulnerability to weather affects the countries' economies is driven by their coping or adaptive capacities.
Albania is one of the most vulnerable in the region to changing climate trends. Changing weather patterns have already been observed over the last 15 years with increasing temperatures, decreasing precipitation, and more frequent extreme events like floods and droughts. Ask any small hydropower plant operator or small-scale farmer whether the snowfall has been less and less and whether it melts earlier and faster than in previous years. Projections indicate a decline in summer rainfalls of about 10 percent by 2020 and 20 percent by 2050. Two sectors that are acutely impacted by these shifts in climate are energy and agriculture.
Climate Change and Energy in Albania
Shifts in climate are projected to have significant impacts on the energy sector in Albania. In order to address these impending challenges, policy makers in the country and working with the World Bank Group on different initiatives. As part of this collaboration, a pilot vulnerability, risk, and adaptation assessment was undertaken for Albania's energy sector to raise awareness and initiate dialogue on energy sector adaptation. This pilot assessment demonstrates an approach that can be used to help countries and energy stakeholders develop policies and projects that are robust in the face of climatic uncertainties, and assist them in managing energy concerns as the climate changes.
Climate Change and Agriculture in Albania
Climate change is already underway in the Europe and Central Asia region and it is accelerating, reinforcing the need for immediate, medium-, and long-term solutions which can help everyone involved in agriculture to reduce its adverse impacts. Changes in precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and increases in the frequency and severity of natural disasters are forcing people to address these impacts in new and innovative ways and begin adapting to a changing climate. While these changes in climate and their resulting effects on agriculture will have an impact on the global population at large, it is the rural populations who are most vulnerable.
The World Bank Group is working with Albania to help the country's agriculture sector better adapt to the potential impacts of climate change. With increases in precipitation and more natural disasters expected in the country over the next five decades, the country is working with farmers to help better understand the consequences of these changes and helping to mitigate many of the most serious consequences resulting from shifts in climate. Looking Beyond the Horizon: How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Central Asia examines the challenges and opportunities being created in the agriculture sector in Albania and explores ways in which the country can address these issues.
A very good article on the subject is the following
Parmesan, C., Yohe, G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421: 37-42.
Regards
Dear Mr. A. Robichaud,
I thank you your comments and support!
Have a nice wekend!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Mr. Mesrar Laila,
Thanks a lot for your message, sent to Imad for my account, done some time ago!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear A. Robichaud,
I have my greetings to you from Tirana, Albania!
I have reread your very nice messages, given to me, thanks a lot!
Thank yu for your opinion and supports!
Before some time we have been in contact per via of ReasearchGate, so I need your help and cooperation, ...Let's beleive and hope for near future!
Sincerely, Bashkim
DearMesrar Laila, ·
I have my greetings to you from Tirana, Albania!
I have reread your very nice messages, given to me, thanks a lot!
Thank yu for your opinion and supports!
Before some time we have been in contact per via of ReasearchGate, so I need your help and cooperation, ...Let's beleive and hope for near future!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Bashkim Mal Lushaj
No problems for help cooperation.
Best wishes
Climate change is reducing the size of many animal and plant species, including some which supply vital nutrition. Previous work established that recent climate change has led to sharp shifts in habitat and the timing of reproductive cycles.
Some of the most worrying changes are at the bottom of the food chain, especially in the ocean, where tiny phytoplankton and calcium-building creatures are dwindling in size due to acidification and the reduced capacity of warmer water to hold oxygen and nutrients. Because warming is occurring at unprecedented rates, "many organisms may not respond or adapt quickly enough", especially those with long generation times.
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/10/17/3341555.htm
Dear Mr. A.hmed,
I thank you your comments and support!
Have a nice time!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Climate change has impact on many aspects of fauna and flora. Here is a non-exhaustive list below.
1) Warming of surface lake
All over the world the surfaces of lakes are warming preventing the mixing of their surface waters ant threatening the basis of their productivity (e.g. phytoplancton). This contributes to destroy fish habitat
Ref. Verburg et al (2003). Ecological consequences of a century of warming in Lake Tanganyika Science 301: 505-507.
2) Reduction of sea ice
Polar bear is the icone of climate change but reduction of sea ice affect much more:
The reduction of Antarctic se ice is well correlated to the reduction of krill numbers and the large creatures who feed on them (many references on the web)
3) More trees killed due to climate change
Alaska winters are 2-3 deg C warmer.This spreads the spruce bark beetle which killed over 40 million trees in Alaska in the past few decades because of winters becoming too mild and the female budworm lays much more eggs as temperature increases.
Ref: Sparks TH and Carey PH (1995) The response of species to climate over two centuries: An analysis of the Marsham Phenological record. Journal of Ecology 83:321-329
4) Arctic too mild
As climate is warming, the Arctic will no longer de a suitable place to live for the caribou.
For the Inuit (feeds mostly on caribou) this is close to catastrophe.
5) Coral reef bleaching
Global dying of coral since 1998 .
1 deg C rise of global temperature: 82% of reef bleached, 2 deg C: 97% of coral bleaching, 3 deg C: TOTAL DEVASTATION according to Dr. Terry Done
See also
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/10/great-barrier-reef-terminal-stage-australia-scientists-despair-latest-coral-bleaching-data
6) Loss of biodiversity; extinction of species
The golden toad (Bufo periglenes) has disappeared from Earth. This toad was unique (from Costa Rica). Also many lizards vanished due to change of climate patterns linked with climate warming (too hot and dry). This is basically linked with strong El Nino event that we had over past few decades.
Ref. Pounds AJ (2001). Climate and Amphibian declines. Nature 410:639-640
Today most biodiversity are limited to national parks and forests but those are vulnerable to climate change. Difficult to migrate under climate change !
1 deg C rise: one quarter species extinct
2 deg C rise; one third of species will become extinct.
3-5 deg C: Predicted extinction: over 50% of the species examined in the study
Ref: Thomas CD et al. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145-148.
7) Species benefiting from climate change
Unfortunately most of them are parasites, unhealthy weeds (e.g. ragweed), beetle, etc.
Oups, I forgot two useful references:
Walther GR et al. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change . Nature 416 :389-395
Flannery T (2005) The weather makers.Harper Collins Publishers Ltd.
Hope it helps.
Dear Mr. A. Robichaud,
thanks a lot for your helps, given to us!·
Sincerely,
Bashkim
The rapidly changing environmental conditions caused by climate change make plant species more vulnerable to diseases and pests, contributing to the degradation and fragmentation of forests. Climate change is altering the fragile ecosystems causing upward movement of vegetation and wildlife. This change will upset the ecosystem balance and seriously endanger the survival of many plant and animal species. Climate change, besides the immediate impact on flora and fauna.
Dear Mesrar,
I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change causes many problems for human person.
Thanks a lot for your comments!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Interesting study about link between Lyme disease progression and climate change
Regards
Dear A. Robichaud,
Yes, the climate change causes many problems for all.
Thanks a lot for your comment and help with link!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Climate warming is changing the distribution of plants and animals worldwide and could lead to a decline of more than 50 percent of common plants and 33 percent of animal, according to a report..Climate change is reducing the size of many plant and animal species, including some which supply vital nutrition. From micro-organisms to top predators, nearly 45 per cent of species grew smaller over multiple generations due to climate change, researchers found. The impact of rapidly climbing temperatures and shifts in rainfall patterns on body size could have unpredictable and severe consequences, according to a study.
Thanks colleagues for your impressive interaction, thank you Dr. Laila.
Emad
I think that the question should be how does human behaviour affect to climate change? Inspiring ideas and directrices about this area I found them in the encyclical Laudato si' by Pope Francis (2015).
@ Mariano - When man indulges in affecting nature and its composition and environment, humankind will be forced to repent for generations.Human behaviours indeed are responsible for the climate change that has severe adverse consequences on human health, and various components of the entire ecosystem of the Earth including flora and fauna.
Throughout the long (4.6 b.years) of Earth's history climate change was responsible for the changes in fauna and flora (whether dinosaurs live or die, etc). Some of these changes were brought about by asteroid collisions, but now the changes are caused by humans.
Since maybe 50 % of humans are still skeptical (example, D. Trump) whether changes are taking place or not, they will do nothing to slow them down, thus accelerating the extreme weather phenomena that endanger all humans.
Therefore, like my 103-year old mother says: "anything is possible" in the preservation or elimination of fauna and flora.
Dear Mariano,
I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change causes many problems for human person.
Thanks a lot for your comments!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Yogesh,
I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change causes many problems for human person.
Thanks a lot for your comments!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Michael,
I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change causes many problems for human person.
Thanks a lot for your comments!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear Michael,
I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change causes many problems for human person.
Thanks a lot for your comments!
Sincerely, Bashkim
http://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-climate-change/jcc170015
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319074248_An_Innovative_Model_for_Engagement_of_Rural_CitizensCommunity_of_Bangladesh_with_Climate_Change
Article An Innovative Model for Engagement of Rural Citizens/Communi...
Dear Golam
I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change causes many problems for human person.
Thanks a lot for your comments and helps given to me!
Have a nice weekend!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear colleagues,
4 years ago I asked a question: How does climate change affect flora and fauna?
During this years I have received and are continuing to pick out positive answers. Thank you!
When I relayed my personal opinion passed, asking you and others who were not yet involved, and concretely: is this question worthwhile for further concrete facts?
I thank you for understanding your ideas, helping us!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear colleagues,
4 years ago I asked a question: How does climate change affect flora and fauna?
During this years I have received and are continuing to pick out positive answers. Thank you!
When I relayed my personal opinion passed, asking you and others who were not yet involved, and concretely: is this question worthwhile for further concrete facts?
I thank you for understanding your ideas, helping us!
Sincerely, Bashkim
Hi,
The influence of climate change on fauna et flora is very important. Indeed, fauna and flora follow the rules and the characteristics of each season. This order and rules are destroyed by climte change. More illness are appeared, bacteria will be more resistant against chemicals, etc.
With my best regards!
Dr. Adel OUESLATI
Dear Adel, I am agree with you! Yes, the climate change effect flora and faun. Thanks a lot for your comments and helps given to me! Have a nice weekend! Sincerely, Bashkim
Dear colleasuesm experts etc,
Before 4 years ago I have asked: How does climate change affect flora and fauna"? Thank you very much for all positive answers given to us! Now I am asking: How do flora and fauna effect climate change? I thank you very much for your understanding!
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