How do we know about the effects at large doses, like skin reddening or cataracts or cancer?
While there have been animal studies, much of our information does come from actual human radiation exposure that was due to accidents and events. Some of the information came from the first people working with radiation, who were unaware there might be possible harmful effects and in some cases were exposed to too much radiation. Some became sick or suffered severe damage to their hands. There also has been follow-up on patients undergoing radiation therapy treatments, research focusing on people exposed to large amounts of radiation by accident, and studies of health effects in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors during World War II and in underground uranium miners.
Human data are available for these effects manifested following large doses, but there are uncertainties in the risk for cancers at
this may help you
https://www.radiationanswers.org/radiation-questions-answers/radiation-exposure.html
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