How can we revitalize the planet through green technologies for sustainable agriculture? And lead humanity towards dynamic and sustainable agriculture?

The specter of a growing population and climate change casts a long shadow over global food security. Conventional agricultural practices, while effective in boosting yields, often come at a steep environmental cost. Green technologies emerge as a promising solution, offering a suite of innovative tools to minimize environmental impact, optimize resource use and enhance agricultural productivity. Green Technologies involve the scientific underpinnings and practical applications of precision agriculture, biotechnologies like biofertilizers and biopesticides, Integrated nutrient management and water conservation approaches. Practices like zero tillage, which minimizes soil disturbance, are explored for their contribution to soil health and carbon sequestration. The potential of autonomous farming robots and the role of fleet management technologies in optimizing farm vehicle operations are also considered. However, significant challenges remain. Economic viability, knowledge gaps among farmers and the need for supportive policies and infrastructure all hinder widespread adoption. Cost reduction through innovation, farmer education programs, public-private partnerships and data management standardization are all crucial for accelerating the transition towards a sustainable agricultural future. By adopting green technologies and fostering collaborative efforts, we can ensure food security for generations to come while safeguarding our planet's precious resources.

A looming crisis of food security emerges as a growing global population strains resources against a backdrop of climate change. Conventional agricultural practices, though effective in boosting yields, have inflicted significant environmental damage, creating an unsustainable situation. Water pollution, soil erosion and greenhouse gas emissions are just some of the consequences associated with intensive agriculture. To chart a more sustainable course, a paradigm shift towards green technologies is crucial. Sustainable agriculture has become a crucial focus in modern farming practices due to the rising demand for food and the need to mitigate environmental impacts. Green technologies are at the limelight of this transformation, offering innovative solutions to reduce resource use, enhance crop yields and minimize negative environmental effects. These technologies represent a burgeoning toolkit of innovative solutions designed to achieve a delicate balance: maximizing food production while minimizing environmental impact. Precision agriculture is a data-driven approach that leverages sensor technology and advanced analytics. By collecting real-time information on factors like soil moisture and nutrient content, precision agriculture allows farmers to tailor inputs like fertilizer and water application to the specific needs of different areas within a field. This targeted approach not only optimizes resource utilization but also minimizes potential environmental contamination often associated with blanket application practices (Cassman et al., 2014). Another promising avenue for sustainable agriculture lies in the burgeoning field of biotechnology. Biofertilizers, for instance, utilize beneficial microbes to enhance soil fertility and contribute to plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilizing soil nutrients (Vessey et al., 2007). Biopesticides, on the other hand, employ naturally occurring organisms like bacteria, fungi, or viruses to control pest populations, offering a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides (Hajek et al.,2019). Moving beyond individual technologies, we must also consider the importance of holistic agricultural practices. Conservation agriculture encompasses a suite of techniques aimed at promoting soil health, biodiversity and overall agroecosystem resilience. Practices like cover cropping, reduced tillage and crop rotation play a vital role in this approach. Cover crops protect the soil from erosion, reduces weeds and promote beneficial microbial activity, ultimately contributing to increased soil organic matter and carbon sequestration (Lal 2004). Reduced tillage minimizes soil disturbance, further enhancing soil structure and preventing wind and water erosion. The exploration of green technologies extends beyond the field itself. However, the adoption and successful implementation of green technologies necessitate a multifaceted approach. While the scientific merit of these technologies is undeniable, ensuring their widespread adoption requires addressing economic and social considerations. Access to financing, infrastructure development and farmer education all play crucial roles in facilitating the transition towards sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, fostering collaborative research between scientists, farmers and policymakers is essential to bridge the gap between technological advancements and real-world implementation. Precision agriculture Precision agriculture is the method of enhancing productivity and profitability by addressing the intra-field and inter-field activities through spatiotemporal variations. Site-specific management (SSM) involves performing the right agricultural practices at the right place and time. Although this concept has been fundamental to agriculture for centuries, the industrialization of agriculture in the 20th century led to uniform agronomic practices across large fields due to economic pressures. Modern precision farming utilizes information technology to automate site-specific management (SSM), making it a practical tool for commercial agriculture. Precision agriculture takes farm management to a new level by using data from GPS, sensors, and yield monitors. This information paints a detailed picture of field variations, allowing farmers to make informed decisions about resource use. With variable-rate application tools guided by this data, farmers can deliver the right amount of resources in the right places, optimizing crop production. It involves technologies like GPS (Global Positioning Systems), GIS (Geographic Information Systems), remote mapping sensors, yield monitors, and guidance systems for applications with variable rates (Mehta and Masdekar, 2018). Remote sensing and GIS Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a pivotal role in precision agriculture by providing real-time data on crop health, soil conditions and weather patterns. These technologies help farmers to make informed decisions about resource allocation. According to Zhang et al. (2002), remote sensing and GIS technologies have significantly improved the precision of agricultural practices, leading to a 10-15% increase in crop yields and a 20-25% reduction in input costs. Remote sensing involves the science and art of obtaining information about objects, areas, or phenomena without physical contact. This is achieved through the use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Space-borne sensors used in remote sensing can provide repetitive observations (ranging from minutes to days) and synoptic views (covering local to regional areas), making it useful for monitoring environmental changes such as land degradation, water quality and atmospheric conditions. Combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with remote sensing data has become a powerful tool for ecological mapping. We can now track changes in landscapes over time, including detecting and measuring major shifts in land cover (Joshi et al., 2004). Notably, the detailed analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, available since 1987, has provided rich information on land use patterns and the associated environmental challenges (e.g., deforestation leading to habitat loss). This represents a significant advancement from the earlier uses of satellite imagery in the 1970s and 1980s, which were primarily for basic interpretations or simply as a backdrop for maps (Michael et al., 2022). Variable rate technology (VRT) Variable Rate Technology (VRT) allows farmers to include inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides at variable rates across a field. This reduces waste and environmental impact while ensuring that crops receive the necessary nutrients. Schimmelpfennig (2016) found that VRT can reduce fertilizer use by 20% without compromising crop yields, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. VRT utilizes a cyclical process that leverages various technologies. First, data collection gathers information on the field using methods like soil sampling, satellite imagery, drone images, yield mapping and handheld devices. The resolution of the chosen sensing technology directly impacts data accuracy. Next, this data is interpreted to identify areas with specific needs.Based on this analysis, a targeted management plan is implemented, potentially involving adjustments to practices like fertilizer application. Finally, the implemented plan's results are monitored, allowing continuous learning and refinement of the VRT approach over time (Patil and Shanwad, 2009). This cyclical process ensures that VRT remains adaptable and optimizes resource use. Fleet management technology Agricultural fleet management focuses on optimizing the use of farm vehicles and equipment. This involves farmers or contractors making strategic decisions about resource allocation, scheduling, routing and real-time monitoring of their machines and supplies. To achieve this, they utilize fleet management tools. These tools provide decision support for tasks like scheduling maintenance, optimizing routes and improving overall operational efficiency for the entire fleet. In simpler terms, fleet management helps supervise the use and upkeep of farm machinery, streamline workflow by coordinating tasks and ensure efficient scheduling and routing of vehicles to address various farm needs (Sørensen & Bochtis, 2010).Integrated pest management (IPM) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive strategy to agricultural pest management that prioritizes ecologically conscious methods to efficiently eliminate pests while reducing negative effects on human health and the environment. IPM combines a number of pest management techniques, including mechanical measures, cultural practices, biological control, the adoption of resistant crop types, and the sparing application of pesticides as a last resort. Promoting natural pest suppression mechanisms while keeping pest populations at levels that do not result in financial harm is the aim. In order to control pest populations, biological control techniques include introducing or increasing natural enemies of pests, such as predators and diseases. According to research, improving biological control agents can lessen the demand for chemical pesticides while also improving the resilience of ecosystems (Baker et al., 2020). Cultural practices such as agricultural rotation, intercropping, use of trap crops and adjusting planting dates can disrupt pest life cycles and reduce pest pressure (Mir et al., 2022). Mechanical methods such as trapping, mulching and physical barriers can physically exclude pests or disrupt their access to crops (Vincent et al., 2003). These methods are effective in reducing pest populations without negative environmental impacts. When necessary, pesticides should be used judiciously and in combination with other IPM strategies. Environmental benefits include reduced pesticide residues in food, improved biodiversity and protection of natural ecosystems (Ratnadass et al., 2012). Challenges to implementing IPM include knowledge dissemination, adoption by farmers, financial constraints and the need for tailored approaches based on local conditions (Maredia et al., 2013). Research on organic farming practices in California demonstrates successful IPM strategies integrating biological control, cultural practices and crop rotations to manage pests sustainably (Ratner et al., 2020). Continued research, education and policy support are essential to further advance IPM strategies globally, ensuring resilient and productive agricultural systems.Biotechnology Biotechnology encompasses a range of methods that contribute to sustainable agriculture by enhancing crop productivity, improving resilience to environmental stresses and reducing the reliance on chemical inputs. The various methods are: Genetic engineering- Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA to introduce new traits, and it has been instrumental in developing genetically modified (GM) crops with pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, enhanced nutritional content, disease resistance, and drought tolerance. Bt crops like Bt cotton and Bt maize, which contain genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, produce proteins toxic to specific insect pests, reducing the need for chemical insecticides and increasing yield (James, 2015). For example, Bt cotton adoption in India resulted in 24% increase in cotton yields and a 50% reduction in pesticide use (Kathage & Qaim, 2012). Herbicide-tolerant crops such as glyphosate-resistant soybeans enable effective weed control without harming crops, reducing soil erosion, tillage, and greenhouse gas emissions (Brookes & Barfoot, 2018). These crops cut CO₂ emissions by 23.6 billion kilograms in 2018, equivalent to removing 15.7 million cars from the road for a year (Brookes & Barfoot, 2020). Genetic engineering also enhances nutritional content in crops, addressing micronutrient deficiencies. Golden Rice, engineered to produce beta-carotene, aims to alleviate vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of blindness (Tang et al., 2012). Genetically modified papaya resistant to the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) has improved papaya production in Hawaii (Gonsalves, 2006), and virusresistant potatoes have reduced the prevalence of potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y, significantly reducing yield losses (Davidson, 2008). Additionally, developing drought-tolerant crops through genetic engineering is crucial for maintaining productivity in water-limited environments. Transgenic crops expressing drought-tolerance genes like DREB1A in wheat and maize have shown improved water-use efficiency and yield under drought conditions (Nelson et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2018). Marker-assisted selection (MAS): Marker-assisted selection (MAS) utilizes molecular markers linked to desirable traits to accelerate breeding and enhance precision in developing new varieties with improved traits. MAS has been employed across various crops for different traits. Prashanthi et al., (2021) developed rice resistant to bacterial blight by incorporating resistance genes from wild species into elite cultivars, ensuring stable yields in affected regions. Similarly, Miedaner and Korzun (2012) bred rust-resistant wheat varieties using MAS, reducing yield losses and fungicide use. Bänziger et al., (2006) developed drought-tolerant maize hybrids in subSaharan Africa by incorporating drought-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) into breeding programs, improving yield under water-limited conditions. Septiningsih et al., (2009) used MAS to introgress yieldenhancing QTLs from wild rice species into elite rice cultivars, improving grain yield under optimal and stress conditions. MAS has also improved the nutritional quality of crops; Govindaraj et al., (2019) developed pearl millet varieties with enhanced levels of iron and zinc, addressing micronutrient deficiencies. In soybean, MAS developed varieties resistant to soybean cyst nematode, a major pest causing significant yield losses (Concibido et al., 2004) and Foolad (2007) employed MAS to develop tomato varieties resistant to multiple pests, including nematodes and viruses. Additionally, Gregorio et al., (2002) used MAS to introduce salt tolerance QTLs into rice, resulting in varieties that thrive in saline environments. RNA interference (RNAi)- RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, and it is used to develop crops with enhanced resistance to viruses and pests. For example, RNAi has been employed to engineer papaya resistant to the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), significantly improving papaya yields in affected regions (Gonsalves, 2006). Additionally, RNAi technology has been applied to develop crops resistant to nematodes and other pests, as demonstrated by Baum et al., (2007). This technology provides a powerful tool for enhancing crop resilience and productivity, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing- CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary genome editing tool that allows for precise, targeted changes to the DNA of organisms, and is being used to develop crops with improved traits such as drought tolerance, disease resistance, and enhanced nutritional content. For example, marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been employed in developing soybean varieties resistant to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), a destructive pest causing significant yield losses. By identifying SCN resistance genes and incorporating them into breeding lines, soybean cultivars capable of withstanding SCN infestations have been developed, reducing reliance on chemical nematicides and promoting sustainable production (Concibido et al., 2004). Additionally, MAS has been used to enhance nutrient content, such as increasing vitamin A in Golden Rice (Shan et al., 2018). Gregorio et al., (2002) also developed salt-tolerant rice varieties, boosting production in salinity-affected regions and contributing to global food security. Renewable energy There are significant advantages to integrating renewable energy sources—such as solar, wind, and biomass— into agricultural activities in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy expenses. Reliance on fossil fuels and carbon footprints is reduced when farms install solar panels to supply electricity for irrigation systems, greenhouses, and other agricultural demands (Burney et al., 2010). Biomass energy, derived from agricultural residues and organic waste, can efficiently generate heat and electricity, managing waste while enhancing sustainability (Goyal et al., 2008). Wind turbines on agricultural land harness wind power, contributing to energy independence and reducing carbon emissions associated with conventional power generation (Mahmoud et al., 2018). Biogas technology utilizes organic waste like crop residues and animal manure to produce methane-rich biogas, which serves as a renewable energy source for various farm operations, significantly cutting greenhouse gas emissions and waste odors (Schuchardt et al., 2015). Studies highlight the role of these technologies in achieving energy self-sufficiency and improving soil fertility through nutrient recycling (Bauer and LotzeCampen, 2014). Organic farming Organic farming has emerged as a cornerstone of sustainable agricultural practices, addressing the environmental and health concerns associated with conventional farming. By eliminating synthetic chemicals and embracing natural processes, organic farming seeks to enhance soil fertility, biodiversity and ecosystem health. Soil management In sustainable agriculture, crop rotation is essential for interrupting insect cycles, improving soil structure, and improving nutrient availability. Alternating cereals with legumes breaks pest cycles, while diverse crops reduce pathogen buildup. Deep-rooted plants like alfalfa access nutrients from deeper soil layers, and nitrogen-fixing legumes enrich soil health by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (Meena et al., 2018). Crop residues enhance soil organic matter, benefiting structure and microbial activity, while weed management is improved by rotating dense canopy crops with cover crops like legumes (Kocira et al., 2020). Economic benefits include stable yields and reductions in greenhouse gases, with studies showing significant increases in soil organic carbon (Williams et al., 2022). Cover crops are also essential, boosting soil health through added organic matter, enhancing soil structure, and suppressing weeds (Dabney et al., 2001). They contribute to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions by sequestering carbon and fostering biodiversity, supporting pest control and nutrient cycling.Pest and weed management Biological control is pivotal in sustainable agriculture, utilizing natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to manage pests with minimal environmental impact. Predatory insects like ladybugs and parasitic wasps effectively suppress pests such as aphids and caterpillars (Kenis et al., 2017), reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides. This approach targets specific pests while preserving beneficial organisms, minimizing pesticide residues, and supporting biodiversity (Gurr et al., 2017). Bale et al., (2008) highlighted its effectiveness in pest reduction, and Heimpel et al., (2020) demonstrated up to 75% pest reduction in organic farming through augmentative biological control, promoting biodiversity and minimizing chemical pesticide use. Mulching adds organic matter, inhibits weeds, and keeps soil moist by covering the soil with organic materials like compost or straw. Bond and Grundy (2001) found it reduces weed density by 50-75% while enhancing soil moisture and organic content. Koocheki et al., (2021) demonstrated significant moisture retention, reducing irrigation needs and improving drought resilience. Abdollahi et al., (2013) highlighted its role in maintaining soil moisture by reducing evaporation and enhancing water infiltration. Kumar et al., (2019) noted mulching moderates soil temperature fluctuations, promoting plant root growth and nutrient uptake. Fertility management Composting enriches soil organic matter, enhances soil structure, and boosts nutrient availability (Rajkovich et al., 2011). It fosters beneficial microbial activity, aiding nutrient cycling and disease suppression (Hargreaves et al., 2008), and reduces reliance on synthetic fertilizers, curbing nutrient runoff and water pollution (Tiquia et al., 2002). Composting also mitigates greenhouse gas emissions by diverting organic waste (Zhang et al., 2016). Green manure, like clover and vetch, increases soil nitrogen and organic matter, improving soil health (ThorupKristensen et al., 2003). Manure applications enhance nutrient availability and soil structure, supporting biodiversity and reducing synthetic fertilizer use (Nkoa, 2014). While it traps carbon and cuts costs, caution is needed in its application (West & Post, 2002). Water conservation technologies Efficient water use is critical for sustainable agriculture, especially in regions facing water scarcity. Advanced irrigation systems and water management practices can significantly improve water use efficiency. Drip irrigation- By delivering water directly to the roots of plants, drip irrigation significantly reduces evaporation and runoff. This targeted approach makes it a highly efficient method, potentially cutting water use in half compared to traditional irrigation techniques. A study by Pereira et al., (2002) found that drip irrigation systems increased water use efficiency and crop yields while reducing water consumption by 40-50%. Rainwater harvesting- Rainwater harvesting plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture, providing numerous advantages to both farmers and ecosystems. Techniques such as roof catchments and ponds are essential for conserving water resources, especially in areas facing water scarcity. Research highlights reduced reliance on groundwater and surface water during droughts, enhancing agricultural resilience. Rainwater harvesting also improves water quality, reduces soil erosion and supports groundwater recharge (Rao et al., 2020). In Rajasthan, India, traditional rainwater harvesting methods like small check dams (Johads) and rooftop systems have transformed agriculture, ensuring water availability for irrigation, boosting crop yields and improving soil fertility and erosion control (Rajasthan Agricultural University studies).Drones Drones, known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), come in various sizes, from small, nimble models for confined spaces to powerful machines capable of long-distance flights. These versatile tools are transforming agriculture by enabling farmers to collect data from crop health and livestock well-being to soil quality and weather patterns. This data provides high-resolution insights into potential issues and allows farmers to make informed decisions based on reliable information (Kalamkar et al., 2020). Challenges and future directions Despite the promise of green technologies, significant hurdles remain on the path to widespread adoption. The initial costs of implementing these advancements, particularly precision agriculture sensors or vertical farming infrastructure, can be substantial. This creates a financial barrier for small-scale farmers with limited resources. Furthermore, effective utilization requires knowledge and training for farmers to properly implement these technologies. Bridging this knowledge gap is crucial to ensure widespread adoption. Policy and infrastructure also play a vital role. Supportive government policies, such as subsidies for green technologies, are essential. Additionally, investment in rural infrastructure like renewable energy sources and continued research and development initiatives are necessary for a smooth transition to sustainable agriculture. Finally, data management presents another challenge. Precision agriculture and other data-driven technologies generate vast amounts of information. Developing robust data management systems and ensuring seamless interoperability between different technologies are critical hurdles that need to be addressed. While challenges exist, the future of green technologies in agriculture appears bright. Research and development efforts focused on cost reduction and innovation are crucial. By creating cost-effective green technologies and open-source solutions, these advancements become more accessible to a wider range of farmers. Empowering the agricultural workforce is also essential. Developing comprehensive educational programs and training initiatives equips farmers with the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively utilize these technologies. Collaboration is key. Public-private partnerships between governments, private companies and research institutions can foster innovation, facilitate

knowledge transfer between stakeholders and accelerate the development and implementation of green technologies. Finally, addressing data management is critical. Standardizing data formats and promoting interoperability between different technologies will enable seamless data collection, analysis and utilization, unlocking the full potential of data-driven approaches in sustainable agriculture. Conclusion Green tech promises a future where agriculture thrives alongside nature, but widespread adoption requires a multi-faceted approach. Bridging the affordability gap for resource-limited farmers is key. Investments in costeffective solutions, open-source initiatives, and targeted subsidies can open doors. Empowering farmers through knowledge transfer and training is equally important. Collaboration between researchers, extension agents, and farmers themselves fosters a more effective approach. Supportive policies and infrastructure development are crucial for creating an enabling environment. Public-private partnerships can accelerate innovation, knowledge sharing, and green tech implementation. Finally, addressing data management challenges is essential. Standardizing data formats and ensuring compatibility between technologies will unlock the full capacity of data-driven farming. By overcoming these challenges, we can unlock the true potential of green technologies. This ensures food security for future generations and creates a more resilient agricultural sector that safeguards the environment. By continually improving these technologies, we create the potential for a future where agriculture thrives alongside sustainable environmental practices.

References :

Abdollahi, L., Sadeghi, S. H. R., & Jafari, A. (2013). Effects of mulch on soil moisture content and temperature and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15(2), 281-292. Baker, B. P., Green, T. A., & Loker, A. J. (2020). Biological control and integrated pest management in organic and conventional systems. Biological Control, 140, 104095. Bale, J. S., et al. (2008). Herbivory in global climate change research: Direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores. Global Change Biology, 14(4): 1-16. Bänziger, M., Setimela, P. S., Hodson, D., & Vivek, B. (2006). Breeding for improved drought tolerance in maize adapted to southern Africa. Agricultural Water Management, 80(1-3):212-224. Bauer, N., & Lotze-Campen, H. (2014). Integration of agriculture in renewable energy studies. Global Environmental Change, 25, 1-12. Baum, J. A., Bogaert, T., Clinton, W., Heck, G. R., Feldmann, P., Ilagan, O., ... & Roberts, J. (2007). Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nature Biotechnology, 25(11): 1322-1326. Bond, W., & Grundy, A. C. (2001). Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research, 41(5):383-405. Brew-Hammond, A. (2010). Energy access in Africa: Challenges ahead. Energy Policy, 38(5): 2291-2301. Brookes, G., & Barfoot, P. (2018). Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2016: Impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. Crops & Food, 9(3): 109-139.

Brookes, G., & Barfoot, P. (2020). Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996–2018: Impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops & Food, 11(4): 215-241. Burney, J. A., Naylor, R. L., & Postel, S. L. (2010). Solar-powered drip irrigation enhances water use efficiency and crop yields in a semi-arid region. Nature Communications, 1, 1-8. Cassman, K. G., & Bryant, D. M. (2014). Balancing food security with environmental health: The case for improved nutrient management in intensive crop production systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39(1): 3-25. Concibido, V. C., Diers, B. W., & Arelli, P. R. (2004). A decade of QTL mapping for cyst nematode resistance in soybean. Crop Science,44(4):1121-1131. Dabney, S. M., et al., (2001). Using cover crops and cropping systems for soil protection and conservation. Agronomy Journal, 93(1):239-247. Davidson, R. M. (2008). Pathogen-derived resistance to potato viruses in transgenic plants. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 6(6):778-790. Foolad, M. R. (2007). Genome mapping and molecular breeding of tomato. International Journal of Plant Genomics, 2007, 64358. Gonsalves, D. (2006). Transgenic papaya: Development, release, impact and challenges. Advances in Virus Research, 67: 317-354. Govindaraj, M., Rai, K. N., Shanmugasundaram, P., Dwivedi, S. L., Sahrawat, K. L., & Muthaiah, A. R. (2019). Effect of micronutrient supplementation on grain iron and zinc density in pearl millet. Journal of Crop Improvement, 33(3): 340-349. Goyal, H. B., Seal, D., & Saxena, R. C. (2008). Biomass energy technologies: The overview of current state of art in the context of India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(2): 582-597. Gregorio, G. B., Senadhira, D., & Mendoza, R. D. (2002). Screening rice for salinity tolerance. International Rice Research Institute. Gurr, G. M., et al., (2017).

Gurr, G. M., et al., (2017). Multi-country evidence that crop diversification promotes ecological intensification of agriculture. Nature Plants, 3(2): 17088. Hajek, A. E., Smaglinski, A., & Goodrich-Lorenz, L. (2019). Introduction: Biological control and relevance to sustainable food production. Annual Review of Entomology, 64(1): 1-12. Hargreaves, J. C., Adl, M. S., & Warman, P. R. (2008). A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 123(1-3): 1-14. Heimpel, G. E., et al., (2020). Augmentative biological control: A global synthesis. Annual Review of Entomology, 65: 219-240. Hu, H., Xiong, L., & Peng, H. (2018). Functional characterization of rice drought-responsive gene OsDREB1A. Molecular Breeding, 38(8): 103.

James, C. (2015). Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2015 (ISAAA Brief No. 51). ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. Joshi, P. K., Jha, C. S., & Bénichounet, P. (2004). Agriculture diversification in South Asia: Patterns, determinants and policy implications. Research Report, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Kalamkar, R. B., Ahire, M. C., Ghadge, P. A., Dhenge, S. A., & Anarase, M. S. (2020). Drone and its Applications in Agriculture. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(6): 3022- 3026. Kathage, J., & Qaim, M. (2012). Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(29): 11652-11656. Kenis, M., et al., (2017). Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. Biological Invasions, 19(11): 3247-3261. Kocira, A., Staniak, M., Tomaszewska, M., Kornas, R., Cymerman, J., Panasiewicz, K., & Lipińska, H. (2020). Legume cover crops as one of the elements of strategic weed management and soil quality improvement. A review. Agriculture, 10(9), 394. Koocheki, A., Bostani, A. A., Tabrizi, L., & Ghorbani, R. (2021). Effects of mulching on soil moisture and thermal regime: A review. Soil and Tillage Research, 205, 104745. Kumar, S., Kumar, S., & Kumar, A. (2019). Influence of mulch on soil fertility, crop productivity and water use efficiency: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 40(1): 34-43. Lal, R. (2004). Soil conservation for mitigating climate change. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23(8): 27- 44. Mahmoud, M. R., Hegazy, M., & Abu-Khader, M. M. (2018). A review of renewable energy utilization in agriculture: Technical, financial and environmental aspects. Energy for Sustainable Development, 42: 140-153. Maredia, M. K., et al., (2013). Integrated pest management: A global overview of history, programs and adoption. In D. Pimentel (Ed.), Integrated Pest Management: Experiences with Implementation, Global Overview 1-33.

Mahmoud, M. R., Hegazy, M., & Abu-Khader, M. M. (2018). A review of renewable energy utilization in agriculture: Technical, financial and environmental aspects. Energy for Sustainable Development, 42: 140-153. Maredia, M. K., et al., (2013). Integrated pest management: A global overview of history, programs and adoption. In D. Pimentel (Ed.), Integrated Pest Management: Experiences with Implementation, Global Overview 1-33. Meena, R. S., Das, A., Yadav, G. S., & Lal, R. (Eds.). (2018). Legumes for soil health and sustainable management. Mehta, A. & Masdekar, M. (2018). Precision Agriculture – A Modern Approach To Smart Farming. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9(2): 23-26. Michael, A., Wulder, D. P., Roy, V. C., Radeloff, T. R., Loveland, M. C., Anderson, D.M., Johnson, S., Healey, Z. Z., Theodore, A.S., Nima, P., Matthew, H., Noel, G., Christopher, J. C., Jeffrey, G. M., Txomin, H., Joanne, C. W., Alan, S. B., Crystal, S., Curtis, E. W., Justin, L. H., Leo, L., Patrick, H., Feng, G., Alexei, L., Francois, P., Peter, S. & Bruce, D. C. (2022). Fifty years of Landsat science and impacts. Remote Sensing of Environment, 280 (113195): 0034-4257. Miedaner, T., & Korzun, V. (2012). Marker-assisted selection for disease resistance in wheat and barley breeding. Phytopathology, 102(6): 560-566.

Miedaner, T., & Korzun, V. (2012). Marker-assisted selection for disease resistance in wheat and barley breeding. Phytopathology,102(6): 560-566. Mir, M. S., Saxena, A., Kanth, R. H., Raja, W., Dar, K. A., Mahdi, S. S., ... & Mir, S. A. (2022). Role of intercropping in sustainable insect-pest management: a review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 12(11), 3390-3403. Nelson, G. C., Rosegrant, M. W., Koo, J., Robertson, R., Sulser, T., Zhu, T., ... & Ringler, C. (2007). Climate change: Impact on agriculture and costs of adaptation. International Food Policy Research Institute. Nkoa, R. (2014). Agricultural benefits and environmental risks of soil fertilization with anaerobic digestates: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(2): 473-492. Prashanthi, S. K., Sundaram, R. M., Laha, G. S., Prasad, M. S., & Sharma, N. P. (2021). Marker-assisted breeding for the development of bacterial blight resistant rice varieties. Rice Science, 28(2): 137-148. Rajkovich, S., Endres, A. B., & Stinner, B. R. (2011). Spatial and temporal variation in compost-based soil quality and vegetable crop yield and quality. HortScience, 46(9): 1269-1275. Rao, K. V. G. K., et al. (2020). Rainwater harvesting in agriculture: Review of crop yield response and factors affecting its efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 242, 106454. Ratnadass, A., et al. (2012). IPM in Sub-Saharan Africa in the context of "pesticide dependency." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 10(3): 223-245. Ratner, D., et al. (2020). Ecosystem service conservation in California organic vineyards. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4: 1-13. Schuchardt, F., Otten, A., & Idler, C. (2015). Biogas digestate effects on crop yield and soil properties in Europe: A meta-analysis. Agricultural Systems, 140, 91.

Reply to this discussion

Chronology as Topic

Hybrid

Organization and Administration

Maps

Robustness

Following

Share

All replies (3)

📷

Phil Geis added a reply

June 3

Revitalize? Please elborate.

… Read more

Recommend

Share

📷

Andy Suryowinoto added a reply

June 5

great point of view

… Read more

Recommend

Share

📷

Lila Jia added a reply

22 hours ago

Precision agriculture integrates technologies such as sensors, GPS, remote sensing, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to monitor the health of crops and soil in real time. It allows for precise fertilization and irrigation based on the needs of different areas. This approach not only helps farmers increase crop yields but also significantly reduces the use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, thereby minimizing environmental pollution and resource waste.

Biotechnology:

Biotechnology enhances crop resistance to diseases, pests, and droughts through the use of biofertilizers, biopesticides, and genetic engineering, reducing reliance on chemicals. For example, genetically modified crops like Bt corn and Bt cotton have successfully reduced pesticide use and increased yields. Additionally, gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 can create crops with better resistance and higher nutritional value, such as drought-resistant wheat and golden rice rich in β-carotene.

Water-saving Technologies:

In water-scarce areas, water-saving irrigation systems (such as drip irrigation) and rainwater harvesting systems are particularly important. These technologies effectively reduce water waste and ensure crops receive sufficient water during drought periods. By precisely controlling water distribution, drip irrigation not only conserves water but also boosts crop yields.

Meanwhile, I am an academic institution dedicated to researching susnale development. If you have any academic journals that need to be collaborated on, we can have in-depth discussions. WhatsApp: +86 188 8483 1354 Email: [email protected]