1) According to the etiological agents:

a)Bacterial e.g. anthrax, brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, salmonellosis

b)Viral e.g. rabies, arbovirus infections, KFD, yellow fever, influenza

c) Rickettsial e.g. murine typhus, tick typhus, scrub typhus, Q-fever

d) Protozoal e.g. toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis

e)Helminthic e.g. echinococcosis, taeniasis, schistosomiasis, dracunculiasis

f)Fungal e.g. histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, superficial dermatophytes.

g) Ectoparasites e.g. scabies, myiasis

2 ) According to the mode of transmission

a) Direct zoonoses: These are transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible host (man) by direct contact, by contact with a fomite or by a mechanical vector. e.g. rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis.

b) Cyclozoonoses: These require more than one vertebrate host species, but no invertebrate host for the completion of the life cycle of the agent, e.g. echinococcosis, taeniasis.

c) Metazoonoses: These are transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors, in which the agent multiplies and/or develops and there is always an extrinsic incubation (prepatent) period before transmission to another vertebrate host e.g., plague, arbovirus infections, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis.

d) Saprozoonoses: These require a vertebrate host and a non-animal developmental site like soil, plant material, pigeon dropping etc. for the development of the infectious agent e.g. aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococosis, histoplasmosis, zygomycosis.

3) According to the reservoir host

a) Anthropozoonoses Infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals e.g. rabies, leptospirosis, plague, arboviral infections, brucellosis, Q-fever.

b) Zooanthroponoses Infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals: streptococci, staphylococci, diphtheria, enterobacteriaceae, tuberculosis

c) Amphixenoses Infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals and transmitted in either direction e.g. salmonellosis

1) According to the etiological agents:

a)Bacterial e.g. anthrax, brucellosis, plague, leptospirosis, salmonellosis

b)Viral e.g. rabies, arbovirus infections, KFD, yellow fever, influenza

c) Rickettsial e.g. murine typhus, tick typhus, scrub typhus, Q-fever

d) Protozoal e.g. toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis

e)Helminthic e.g. echinococcosis, taeniasis, schistosomiasis, dracunculiasis

f)Fungal e.g. histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, superficial dermatophytes.

g) Ectoparasites e.g. scabies, myiasis

2 ) According to the mode of transmission

a) Direct zoonoses: These are transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible host (man) by direct contact, by contact with a fomite or by a mechanical vector. e.g. rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis.

b) Cyclozoonoses: These require more than one vertebrate host species, but no invertebrate host for the completion of the life cycle of the agent, e.g. echinococcosis, taeniasis.

c) Metazoonoses: These are transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors, in which the agent multiplies and/or develops and there is always an extrinsic incubation (prepatent) period before transmission to another vertebrate host e.g., plague, arbovirus infections, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis.

d) Saprozoonoses: These require a vertebrate host and a non-animal developmental site like soil, plant material, pigeon dropping etc. for the development of the infectious agent e.g. aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococosis, histoplasmosis, zygomycosis.

3) According to the reservoir host

a) Anthropozoonoses Infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals e.g. rabies, leptospirosis, plague, arboviral infections, brucellosis, Q-fever.

b) Zooanthroponoses Infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals: streptococci, staphylococci, diphtheria, enterobacteriaceae, tuberculosis

c) Amphixenoses Infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals and transmitted in either direction e.g. salmonellosis

Zoonotic Agents, Arthropod-Borne

In it, zoonoses have been categorized as direct zoonoses, cyclozoonoses, metazoonoses, or saprozoonoses. However, only two of these categories involve transmission

by arthropods.

Dear Dr. Mutasem Z. Bani-Fwaz Thank you so much for your comment and contribution, really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Dear Dr. T.R. Das Thank you so much for your comment and contribution, really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

T.R. Das - your listing by various categories is quite good and thorough. It would be nice if these could be put into a classification that summarizes this info for some ease of use, but this would/could create other problems. Even with a good system such as this, it is possible that some of the ectoparasites should at times be considered endoparasites (human bot fly?).

Dear Dr. Robert John Wolff Thank you so much for your comment and contribution, really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

https://www.britannica.com/science/zoonotic-disease

an infection or disease that is transmissible from animals to humans under natural conditions

Dear Dr. Praneeth Silva Thank you so much for your comment and contribution, really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Dear Dr. Ruaa SH Redeiny Thank you so much for your comment and contribution, really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Dear scholars, thanks a lot for all comments and contributions. So, the classification system based on the type of life cycle of the ineffective organism seems the most useful in planning a preventative medicine program.

Following

Manal Hadi Kanaan - While life cycle is a feature that is important, for a Preventative health program it would be best to focus on the means of transmission (ie. vectors) and to try to block these. Prevention is the best plan, treatments will still be necessary as prevention will never be complete, but preventing a disease is the best and eventually less expensive means.

Dear Dr. Robert John Wolff Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. I agree with you

Dear Dr. Utsav Poudel Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dear Dr.Manal,

We are working in the field of zoonoses since 1973, and published many papers and authored several books including "Zoonoses". We can classify the zoonoses in several ways.

1. According to type of etiological agent, such as Viral zoonosis, Bacterial zoonosis, Fungal zoonosis, Parasitic zoonosis etc.

2. According to the reservoir host viz: Anthropozoonosis, Zooanthroponosis and Amphixenosis.

3.According to the mode of transmission e.g. Direct zoonosis, Cyclozoonosis, Metazoonosis and Saprozoonosis.

In addition, there are other ways also to classify the zoonoses, which I have mentioned in my book entitled " Zoonoses"

If you need any information on zoonoses, please do contact us without any hesitation.

Please take care of your health from COVID-19 that has gripped the entire world.

With kind regards,

Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal

Founder Director of Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health

Dear Dr. Mahendra Pal Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dr. Mahendra's classification is complete

Mahendra Pal - Dr. Pal, your book 'Zoonoses' is not in your RG profile nor is it in Amazon or in google searches. Could you please provide a copy or link for us?

Dear Prof.Robert,

Thanks to your kind message at Research Gate. It is true that my book on "Zoonoses" is not available at Amazon. I do not have soft copy of the book.

I do not know how I can help you so that you can have the copy of my book.

However, I have uploaded many papers on zoonotic diseases at Research Gate.

Please take care from Coronavirus.

With kind regards,

Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal

Founder Director of Narayan Consultancy

Dear Dr. Mahendra Pal thanks a lot for your kindness and reply, really thanks.

Direct and indirect transmission

Dear Dr. Laith Ali Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Zoonosis is an infectious disease that occurs in the natural state between wild or domestic vertebrate animals and can be transmitted from them to humans And zoonotic diseases have different modes of transmission. In direct illness, the disease is transmitted directly from animals to humans through means of communication Bacterial diseases of animal origin Diseases carried by rodents Tick ​​- borne diseases Vector - borne diseases Ebola

Dear Dr. Dr.Suhad Qasim Almusawi Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

In people with a low immune system, it is essential that they follow biosecurity standards, since it is the way to avoid certain contact with bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites that are transmitted from animal species, in some cases they are carriers of zoonotics. diseases and ensure that these species receive adequate assistance from veterinarians, farmers, animal health workers to protect them from disease by identifying and preventing them immediately.

Dear Dr. Gabriel Villamar Villamar Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dear Dr. Laith Ali,

You have mentioned direct and indirect transmission to classify zoonoses.

I am working in this field since 1973. I have not yet seen this type of classification of zoonoses in any standard text book, or WHO publications.

Can you please send the reference that describes the direct and indirect transmission as a way for zoonoses classification?

With kind regards,

Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal

MVPH, Ph.D.,D.Sc.

Founder Director of Narayan Consultancy

Zoonotic diseases can be classified according to their infectious agents (Note each agent has a class where it falls and therefore we can follow zoological classification. However, we can still classify according to their life cycle.

1. orthozoonoses (Diseases that are transmitted directly (e.g., through direct contact or a mechanical vector) and that are maintained in nature in a single vertebrate host species ) e.g rabies.

2. Cyclozoonoses, e.g echinococcosis, require more than one vertebrate host for development.

3. Metazoonoses require both a vertebrate host and an invertebrate host; an example is trypanosomiasis.

4. Saprozoonoses e.g. Listeriosis and histoplasmosis are examples of saprozoonoses. They require a vertebrate host and another type of environmental reservoir (e.g., food or soil)

Dear all,

In my opinion option 1: ‘according to etiological agent’ should be the way to go.

Option 2: ‘according to reservoir host’ is not the best option, given that multiple hosts can act as a reservoir and multiple species spill-overs are often necessary to get a pathogen into the human population, the most recent example being SARS-CoV2

‘Mode of transmission’, option 3, is the worse option, given that many modes of transmission are, when you really zoom into them, unknown, in 2016 I published a review about this topic:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771415300136

Greetings from Holland,

Gijs Klous MSc

Dear Dr.Gabriel,

The question asked by Dr.Manal was how to classify the zoonoses.

I could see any classification of zoonoses in your reply.

With kind regards,

Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal

Zoonotic disaeses can classified according to origen of caustive agents to 1-anrthopozoonosis

2-zooanthriponosis

3-anthrozonosis

Though the zoonoses can be classified in various ways, the simple and most widely used way of classification, is according to the different etiological agents.

1.Viral: Rabies, Bird flu, Swine flu, COVID-19, Monkey pox, West Nile fever etc.

2.Bacterial: Anthrax, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, Listeriosis, Tuberculosis etc.

3.Fungal: Sprotrichosis, Dermatophytosis, Cryptococcosis etc.

4.Aglal : Protothecosis

5.Rickettsial: Scrub typhus, Ehrliochiosis, Rickettsial pox etc.

6.Chlamydial: Chlamydiosis

7.Protozoan: Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Simian malaria etc.

8.Helminthic: Echinococcosis, Trichniosis, Fascoliasis etc.

9.Prion: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) etc.

10. Ectoparasitic: Scabies, Linguatuliasis etc.

11. Actinomycetic: Dermatophilosis, Nocardiosis etc.

I separated Actinomycetes from bacteria and mentioned as Actinomycetic zoonoses in my book on " Zoonoses".This classification is given in the book entitled "Zoonoses" that is authored by me.

I have published papers many papers on different zoonoses,which can be easily downloaded from Research Gate.

Dear Dr. Mahendra Pal Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dear Dr. Amer Murhim Abd Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dear Dr. Gijs Klous Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dear Dr. Andrew Baguma Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Animals provide many benefits to people. Many people interact with animals in their daily lives, both at home and away from home. Animals provide food, fiber, livelihoods, travel, sport, companionship, and education for people across the globe. Millions of households in the United States have one or more pets. We might come into contact with animals in either urban or rural settings, during travel, while visiting animal exhibits, or while enjoying outdoor activities.

However, animals can sometimes carry harmful germs that can spread to people and cause illness – these are known as zoonotic diseases or zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases are caused by harmful germs like viruses, bacterial, parasites, and fungi. These germs can cause many different types of illnesses in people and animals, ranging from mild to serious illness and even death. Animals can sometimes appear healthy even when they are carrying germs that can make people sick, depending on the zoonotic disease.

Zoonotic diseases are very common, both in the United States and around the world. Scientists estimate that more than 6 out of every 10 known infectious diseases in people can be spread from animals, and 3 out of every 4 new or emerging infectious diseases in people come from animals. Because of this, CDC works 24/7 to protect people from zoonotic diseases in the United States and around the world.

Dear Dr. Nasser Said Gomaa Abdelrasheed Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks.

Dear Dr.Nasser Said Gomaa Abdelrasheed, If I am not wrong, the question raised by Dr.Manal was how to classify the zoonoses.

The reply furnished by you, did not mention classification of zoonoses. With kind regards, Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal

Manal Hadi Kanaan

PLEASE CHECK PDF

Dear Dr. Nirmala S.V.S.G Thanks a lot for your contribution and comment, really thanks for your kindness and support.

Following

Dear Dr. Teeb Hussein Hadi Thanks a lot for your contribution and comment, really thanks for your kindness and support.

Dear Dr.Manal,

I mentioned earlier the classification of zoonoses as follows:

1. According to the type of etiological agent

2. According to the reservoir host

3. According to the mode of transmission

In addition, I have classified zoonoses as mentioned below:

4. According to the relative importance in respective species

a. Domestic animal and man shared zoonoses eg. Anthrax, Brucellosis

b. Domiciliated animal and man shared zoonoses eg.Chlamydiosis, plague

c. Wild animal and man shared zoonoses eg. Yellow fever, Herpes simiae

5. According to the principal host involved

a.Cattle: Cowpox, Pseudocowpox,Bovine papular stomatitis

b.Dog: Dipylidiosis, Echinococcosis, Visceral larva migrans

c.Cat: Pasteurellosis, Cat scratch fever, Toxoplasmosis

d.Horse: Glanders

e.Goat: Goatpox

f.Pig: Trichinosis, Fasciolopsiosis

g.Camel: Camelpox

h.Sheep: Contagious ecthyma

This classification is mentioned in my book entitled " Zoonoses" ,which was published in 2007 by Satyam Publishers, Jaipur, India.

We were teaching the complete classification of zoonoses to our students in India and Ethiopia.

With kind regards,

Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal

Dear Dr. Mahendra Pal Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Zomotic diseases also called zoonosis, any of a group of diseases that can be transmitted to humans by nonhuman vertebrate animals, such as mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes.

Zoonotic disease aldo called zonosis, any group of diseases that can transmitted to human by nonhuman vertebrate animals.

Dear Dr. Abdulridha Taha Sarhan Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Please refer to the interesting article on zoonotic diseases,

https://www.healthline.com/health/zoonosis

Dear Dr. Sumanta Chakraborty Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Thanks dear for your following

Dear Dr. Abdulridha Taha Sarhan Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Dear Dr. P. Contreras Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Classification of zoonotic infections

Zoonoses of wild (xenanthropic) animals that exist

in natural biocenoses and not finding conditions for living in the built environment. The preservation of some species is possible only within the uninhabited, virgin nature, and even its relatively weak transformation leads to the displacement of these organisms or their death (for example, ground squirrels, gerbils). Other wild-living species are able to exist in poorly transformed landscapes and near cultivated areas, but still cannot root within large cultivated areas (for example, ixodid or grazing ticks).

A person becomes infected with zoonoses of wild animals, as a rule, only when he penetrates into the natural habitats of these animals on the territory of a natural focus, or when they are artificially resettled to human habitation (zoos, pet shops, zoo circuses, etc.).

Zoonoses of synanthropic animals that can exist

both in the wild and in the built environment (for example, house mouse). Although synanthropic animals develop according to the laws of virgin nature, their populations are formed in the anthropogenic environment, and therefore the conditions of their existence and behavior are influenced by human activities. Synanthropic animals often serve as a biological "overpass" or "bridge" through which zoonotic pathogens of wild animals penetrate into the human environment.

Zoonoses of domesticated animals tamed by man

created by practical human activity as a result of artificial selection and existing due to this activity. I use them to obtain animal raw materials, for protection, hunting, entertainment, and they are ecologically closely related to humans (dogs, cats, farm animals and birds, farmed fish). Zoonoses of domestic animals evolved as a result of the domestication of wild species during the transition of humans to a sedentary lifestyle.

Depending on the belonging of the main hosts of the pathogen to a particular habitat, the following groups of zoonoses are distinguished

Natural focal. The main hosts of pathogens are animals 0 articulations of natural biocenoses. These include tuleriamia, arbovirus infections, some helminthiases, etc.

Natural and atropurgic. The main hosts of pathogens are both animals - members of natural biocenoses, as well as synanthropic and farm animals and birds. This group includes rabies, leptospirosis, Q fever, psittacosis, toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, fascioliasis, etc.

Anthropurgical. The main hosts of their pathogens are synanthropic and farm animals. Among the infections of this group: salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, anthrax, brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, various biohelminthiasis, some mycoses

Such a division is of significant epidemiological significance, since the predominant belonging of the main hosts of infectious agents to a particular habitat largely determines the degree and form of human communication with them and, consequently, the intensity of their spread in human society. It is quite obvious that infections received by a person from domestic and constant closeness with a person have a much greater epidemiological danger compared to diseases, with the main hosts of pathogens of which a person can meet only in conditions of relatively virgin nature.

By etiology, zoonoses are divided into bacterial (brucellosis, plague, tularemia, campylobacteriosis, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, anthrax, rickettsioses, chlamydia, borreliosis), viral (hemorrhagic fevers, rabies) and prion (scrapie spongiform) infections

The mechanism of transmission of zoonotic infections

According to the mechanism of transmission, zoonoses can be classified only when they are spread among animals.

Prevention of zoonoses is primarily based on the timely identification of the danger of infection of people with one or another infection. Epizootological and epidemiological characteristics of infections, the availability of effective means of prevention and the possibility of their use determine the choice of the main measures.

In some cases, these can be restrictive measures, in others - veterinary and sanitary, deratization, disinsection, sanitary and hygienic, vaccination measures and emergency prevention, as well as their combination.

The problem of preventing zoonotic infections is a problem of not one, but several services and departments, primarily the services of sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary supervision. A common strategy is needed to solve it.

Basic principles of epizootic and epidemiological surveillance:

an integrated (medical and sanitary) approach to the organization of supervision;

taking into account the epizootological and epidemiological specifics of each nosological form taken under observation; taking into account the regional peculiarities of the life of the population and the territory on which they exercise supervision

systematic and dynamic collection, analysis and assessment of both epizootic and epidemiological information;

constant operational exchange of information between medical, veterinary and other interested services.

Surveillance over individual zoonoses is carried out on the basis of a specially developed program for a specific infection in a given territory and in a given period of time, which should include control over all levels of the epidemic process:

tracking the molecular genetic characteristics of circulating strains of the parasite, vectors and their variability, as well as genetic determinants of the immune status of the population;

monitoring the dynamics of the biological properties of the pathogen of a controlled infection (changes in its virulence, toxigenicity, enzymatic activity, phago- and serotypic characteristics, drug resistance in the environment, etc.);

characteristics of the prevailing clinical forms, severity and outcomes of human diseases;

monitoring the populations of the pathogen, its vectors and hosts - the structure of the parasite population, the immunological structure of the population, the abundance and biological characteristics of populations of arthropod vectors, the contamination of abiotic environmental objects by the causative agent, the dynamics of the epizootic process, the state of natural factors (meteorological, water, soil, etc.) ;

sociological and sanitary-hygienic monitoring, including:

tracking the level and trend of the dynamics of morbidity,

mortality and mortality in time (by years and months), their territorial distribution and morbidity of certain groups of the population (urban and rural, various age and professional groups);

tracking the dynamics of epidemiologically significant social phenomena (natural demographic shifts and population migration, direction and nature of economic activity, sanitary and hygienic conditions, organization of food supply, level of medical care).

Regards, Pushkin Sergey Viktorovich

Dear Dr. Pushkin Sergey Viktorovich Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Nice answer which is knowledgeable Mahendra Pal

Thank you Dr Manal Hadi Kanaan for such a question

Zoonotic diseases also can be classified according to their life cycle. Diseases that are transmitted directly (e.g., through direct contact or a mechanical vector) and that are maintained in nature in a single vertebrate host species are known as orthozoonoses; an example is a rabies, which is maintained by canids.

Dear Dr. Isam Alkhalifawi Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Dear Dr. Raya Al-Naimi Thanks a lot for your comment and contribution. Really thanks. Thanks for your kindness and support.

Zoonotic disease, also called zoonosis, any of a group of diseases that can be transmitted to humans by nonhuman vertebrate animals. Zoonotic diseases are difficult to control, particularly because of their animal reservoirs. Indeed, unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio, most zoonotic diseases cannot be eradicated through intensive human vaccination campaigns. Their successful control relies instead on strategies aimed at reducing the burden of disease among wild animals.