This research question explores the complex dynamics of interactions between the oral microbiome and the host immune system, particularly in the development and treatment response of periodontal diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis. The oral microbiome is composed of a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and their composition and abundance may change under different physiological states and disease conditions. These microorganisms stimulate the host immune response through secreted metabolites and toxins, triggering inflammation and damage to oral tissues, while the host immune system controls the growth and activity of oral microorganisms by regulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The development of periodontal disease often involves an inflammatory response of oral microorganisms and an imbalance in the regulation of the host immune system, and the increase of certain microbial strains is closely associated with the destruction and loss of periodontal tissues. Therefore, in-depth research on the mechanisms of interaction between the oral microbiome and the host immune system is of great significance for revealing the complexity of the development of periodontal diseases, improving the effectiveness and personalization of treatment strategies, and promoting the comprehensive management of oral health.