purng and doping

Hello Venla Lappalainen

It is an interesting topic. You can refer to the following sources.

Glass-Ceramics: Their Production from Wastes—A Review

The role of glass waste in the production of ceramic-based products and other applications: A review

https://patents.google.com/patent/US6340650B1/en- Ceramic products made from waste glass, raw batch formulations, and method

Using glass wastes and bentonite to produce a new ceramic tile

Recycling Of Waste Glass As Aggregate For Clay Used In Ceramic Tile Production

Experiments Using Different Types of Waste to Manufacture Ceramic Materials: Examples on a Laboratory Scale

Waste glass in civil engineering applications—A review

Application of Glass Waste on Red Ceramic to Improve Sintering

GLASS-CERAMICS: THEIR PRODUCTION FROM WASTES

Glasses and ceramics from waste

The ceramic product and production process and the Circular Economy

Waste glass and other waste materials can be effectively utilized in ceramics production through various processes that promote sustainability, reduce environmental impact, and support the principles of a circular economy. Here’s how these materials can be incorporated:

1. Waste Glass as a Flux

• Soda-lime silica glass, commonly found in discarded bottles and windows, can be ground into a fine powder and used as a flux in ceramic glazes and bodies. Fluxes help to lower the melting point of materials, reducing the energy required for firing.
• Application in Clay Bodies: When mixed into clay, waste glass can help vitrify the material at lower temperatures, leading to denser, more durable ceramics.
• Glaze Formulation: Ground glass can replace feldspar or quartz in glaze formulations, offering similar fluxing properties and contributing to a glossy finish.

2. Use of Industrial By-products

• Soapstone Sawdust: This waste product from stone carving or cutting is rich in magnesium silicate and can be used as a filler in ceramic clay bodies. It provides structural integrity and helps in controlling shrinkage during firing.
• Iron Oxide Roast: A by-product from the sulfur industry, iron oxide can be used as a colorant in ceramics. Due to its high iron content, it can create a variety of earthy tones ranging from reds to browns when fired.

3. Replacing Traditional Raw Materials

• Waste Glass in Place of Feldspar and Quartz: Traditional ceramic materials like feldspar and quartz can be partially or fully replaced by finely ground glass in both the body and glaze. This reduces the need for mining virgin materials.
• Construction Waste: Ceramic tiles and other ceramic products can incorporate finely crushed construction debris, such as concrete or brick waste, as a filler material.

4. Recycled Organic Materials

• Organic Waste for Porosity Control: Materials such as rice husks, sawdust, and coffee grounds can be mixed into the clay body to create controlled porosity. These organic fillers burn out during firing, leaving behind tiny pores that can enhance thermal insulation or create lightweight ceramic products.

5. Additives for Structural Integrity

• Waste products like fly ash (from coal combustion) and slag (from metal processing) can be used as additives to improve the mechanical properties and strength of ceramics. Fly ash, for instance, contains aluminosilicate, which is similar to the clay minerals used in traditional ceramics.

6. Post-consumer Glass for Decoration and Surface Treatments

• Broken glass, especially colored glass, can be used as an aggregate or decorative element in certain ceramic applications. The glass melts during firing, creating a fused surface or inlay effect.