I recently submitted a proposal on indoor passive heating and cooling. Several things are taken into considerations. One is what Juan has suggested. However, micro-climates, nearby urban canyons, wind speed inside and outside, altered surfaces (impervious), altered land use and land cover (LULC) and most importantly material used in construction and architectural elements are main determinants of thermal conditions. If you have verandahs for circulation of air in which air cools before entering your room, it is possible that temperature is lowered. For it to be effective you have to plant trees around your house. In villages in India we have groves of mangoes and other fruits and talabs/tals (ponds) around the village, both of them function to cool hot summer loo and we are not as dis-comfortable in our homes as in barren cities.   

You must place the large windows closely together to the ceiling, in order that the hot air goes out

I recently submitted a proposal on indoor passive heating and cooling. Several things are taken into considerations. One is what Juan has suggested. However, micro-climates, nearby urban canyons, wind speed inside and outside, altered surfaces (impervious), altered land use and land cover (LULC) and most importantly material used in construction and architectural elements are main determinants of thermal conditions. If you have verandahs for circulation of air in which air cools before entering your room, it is possible that temperature is lowered. For it to be effective you have to plant trees around your house. In villages in India we have groves of mangoes and other fruits and talabs/tals (ponds) around the village, both of them function to cool hot summer loo and we are not as dis-comfortable in our homes as in barren cities.   

From a large scale zonal point of view, the sources of overheating are solar radiation and internal sources such as occupants and electric equipment and two basic passive strategies to fight against those are shading and ventilation. So I would check if there are unrealistic internal heat sources in the room and if the zone is properly shaded and ventilated.

Check the opening size. Probably the amount of opening for natural ventilation is not compatible with the size of the building.

You may try to change the orientation of the building, so that the main inlet windows face the predominant wind direction.

Most affect the internal temperature in summer orientation to the cardinal, cross ventilation of the house (air supply from one side and from the other outlet), the outer shield windows and heavy use of internal partition walls with high rates of accumulation. These cool down at night and during the day will be a little cool air.

Farha,

What is height of roof of your building and whether it has an upper story or not? If not, what material of what thickness have used in your roof ? Further, how your building is oriented. Whether it faces sun in the east, west and from above. Whether material used is absorptive or reflective. It is generally unusual to have high temperature indoors than out doors while velocity of wind is satisfactory.

Farah, maximize wind-induced ventilation by siting the ridge of a building perpendicular to the summer winds. Approximate wind directions are summarized in seasonal "wind rose" diagrams.

Naturally ventilated buildings should be narrow.

It is difficult to distribute fresh air to all portions of a very wide building using natural ventilation. The maximum width that one could expect to ventilate naturally is estimated at 45 ft.

Each room should have two separate supply and exhaust openings. Locate exhaust high above inlet to maximize stack effect. Orient windows across the room and offset from each other to maximize mixing within the room while minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the room.

Provide ridge vents.

A ridge vent is an opening at the highest point in the roof that offers a good outlet for both buoyancy and wind-induced ventilation. The ridge opening should be free of obstructions to allow air to freely flow out of the building.

Nothing like passive solutions for proper architectural design.  First, try to incorporate shadows, I mean, try to protect all surfaces facing the sun from direct solar radiation.  Facades East and West, South facade of course, and the horizontal plane, or ceiling surface.

That done, second is favorably use natural ventilation, you have to review both, the prevailing wind direction and intensity and then raise low access of fresh air, as recommended by Mohammad, and outgoing stale air in backplanes.

This means that the air must circulate freely within the housing for possible natural ventilation.

If a more drastic solution is needed, you should try to raise the project to increase the floor area of ventilation underneath.

Sorry for my english.

Saludos.

I believe the best example to follow is the design of the termite house,  it is really interesting how the natural air flows through double skin and outlets for warm air are interested upward in low pressure zones.

Maybe you can also think of using courtyard that will act as an air trap.

Hope this helps. 

Thank you All for your suggestions 

Mohammad Firoz Khan,

i want to add some points here 

1. The building is single story courtyard building. No upper Floor is there

2. I have checked the opening area which is nearly 20% of the gross area

3. The roof is flat and of concrete with height of 12' 

4.The wind direction is ENE, building orientation and wind direction is as i have mentioned in the attached image

6. All the walls are of brick masonry.

Thank you All for your suggestions 

Mohammad Firoz Khan,

i want to add some points here 

1. The building is single story courtyard building. No upper Floor is there

2. I have checked the opening area which is nearly 20% of the gross area

3. The roof is flat and of concrete with height of 12' 

4.The wind direction is ENE, building orientation and wind direction is as i have mentioned in the attached image

6. All the walls are of brick masonry.

Should be used roller shutters.

polyurethane foam for flat roof with a suitable coating

Is the building situated in a hot dry climate? If so, you must not ventilate in hot hours but provide thermal inertia for the envelope to delay the heat inside the building.You must also provide solar protection in the openings, which should be minimal and use evaporative or radiative cooling during the noght..

See Matt Santamouris´s, Passive cooling of buildings, James & James editors.

I hope this will help you.

Provide positive and negative areas of air pressure outside the building to encourage airflow through the building Try something to slow the airflow passing the outside of the building. see Szokolay 2014 figure1.77.

Also be aware that airflow works mostly as physiological cooling ie taking sweat off skin and producing the cooling effect on the individual.

Farah,

I don't believe as information provided by is quite normal. Generally, indoor temperature is always 2-3 degree lower than out door unless one is burning fire or electrical room heating appliances are in use.  Anybody can survive for how long in 60 degree air temperature (C), while maximum limit in tropical areas  air is 60+ °C (140 °F) short term, 47 °C (117 °F) long term.

Dear Farah,

 you have to maximaise cross ventilation by studing air direction, to do that you can add a wind catcher (Malqaf). i have a research about wind catcher titled 

Direct comfort ventilation. Wisdom of the past and technology of the future (wind-catcher)

you can find it in the link below

https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-f8940f62-68b2-3c39-8d13-264806164a17

Hi Farah, 

There are various passive techniques that can be used to improve indoor environment. One of my review paper discusses a bunch of passive techniques that researchers used to improves the indoor environment. I am attaching the same for you to review.

Cheers,

Sri

To try to help you with your CFD simulation:

Your results: “The outside temperature is 45 but the temperature inside is going very high, like 60 degrees in some rooms”. I cannot see well your first image, which seems to have your results with the temperatures of the CFD simulation you have done (3 separate rooms, of a part of your building?).

Your Problem: “How can i make the temperature lower inside ??”

Comments:

1. It seems to me that there could be a mistake introducing the data in your simulation; my experience tells me that happens very often with computer simulations….

2. I cannot see well your second image: your building seems to be “U shaped” around a courtyard open to the East, wind direction coming from West to East. If most of the window openings (in yellow?) are in the South and North facades, this is not the best design for “making the temperature lower inside”. As Ahmed Muhaisein (Islamic University of Gaza) suggest: “Main inlet windows should face predominant wind direction”. According with second image of your design, windows should be then in West and East facades.

Hope this is useful to solve your problem…

You could add in an internal water feature and planting throughout.

Checking the main errors in CFD Model: “The temperature inside is going very high, like 60 degrees in some rooms”- That could be:

1. There is a heat source near this point. It means a “burning fire or electrical room heating appliances are in use” as already pointed by Mohammad Firoz Khan from Jamia Millia Islamia. Also pointed by Farhang Tahmasebi, from Vienna University of Technology as "unrealistic internal heat sources in the room".

2. You have an important glass/transparent surface and higher inner temperature might be due to “greenhouse effect” in the building. It is difficult to reach 60 degrees (you need a very hot climate) and this seems not to be shown in your drawings, as you do not seem to have such big windows (you will need a “glass wall”). Using glass unwisely in buildings can create many problems, not only in hot climates: you might look for the "the Walkie-Talkie", built at 20 Fenchurch Street in London, with curved reflective glass exterior walls. As it's concave, it focuses the sun's rays onto a small area and, like a magnifying glass, directs sunbeams onto a very hot point of light.

So I think, like Mohammad Firoz Khan or Farhang Tahmasebi, that it is probably due to 1. Hope this will help you to find the problem with your CFD model…

And do not forget to check the position of windows in relation to wind direction, as previously written!

You need to determine the orientation of the building in relation to the sun path. If you have a larger side of your building on the sun  path 

You need to determine the orientation of the building in relation to the sun path. If you have a larger side of your building on the sun  path 

you have to be aware of the heat exchange. Thermal materilas absorb heat all day long and relief this heat at night. so you have to solve the facades opposing sun, you can use sun breakers, change oreintation or change wall material.

Thermal comfort indoors depends on several variables including the material used in construction, climate, ventilation, air flow, orientation etc. However, in conditions when the material used and height of the roof is normal and according to Farah air flow is also satisfactory, all other things are trivial. However, in the Subcontinent, it is a preferred orientation as in tropics during summer this orientation of a building keeps some a part of the building under the shed in comparison to north-south or east-west orientation in which whole day some part remain under the sun. I am fully in agreement with Maria that some error has occurred in CFD simulation. Otherwise, there is no reason for a difference 15 degree (C, if I am right) cannot be experienced in these normal conditions in the tropics.

you can change properties of surface absorption coefficient of materials in model and check ground temperature as well and resimulate.

I can't see your model clearly but there are some items to check: 

-if there is a greenhouse effect taking place (usually when there are glazings tilted up

-if the model set up is wrong in terms of geometry or climate definition

make sure choose the right building material such as type of wall, roof and even floor. Suitable material that suits your climate will give a huge impact.