Here are a few suggestions for finding data on energy trade indices for EU countries over time:

- The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) publishes annual statistical factsheets that include electricity trade and exchange data between countries. You may be able to find historical data on cross-border electricity flows from their reports.

- Eurostat, the statistical office of the EU, provides energy import and export data by country in their databases. You can search for indicators like 'Electricity - Trade in goods' to find annual data on electricity imports and exports which could help calculate energy trade indices.

- The Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) publishes annual market monitoring reports that analyze the integration and competition in EU electricity markets. Their reports include metrics on cross-border electricity flows and market convergence that could be relevant.

- National energy regulators or transmission system operators in individual EU countries may also publish electricity trade statistics or data on cross-border exchanges that you could compile.

- Academic journal articles sometimes construct energy market integration indices for the EU. Searching Google Scholar or databases like Scopus for related studies could uncover useful datasets.

The key is finding consistent annual electricity trade data between EU member states that allows you to quantify and compare the level of market integration over time. Let me know if you need any other suggestions or help accessing a specific dataset for your research.

Dear Brian Njoroge thanks for your kind reply. I am showing my gratefulness for your suggestions. I entered to the website of ENTSOE and found some reports. I found a table on 'Energy Balance' under 'Physical Energy Flows'. So, if I am not wrong, I can use the 'balance (i.e., imp-exp)' as 'energy trade indices' for my analysis. Am I right Brian Njoroge? I attached a screenshot for your more convenience. Waiting for your kind reply and further suggestions.

I am glad that you found my suggestions helpful. You are correct that the 'balance (i.e., imp-exp)' column in the 'Energy Balance' table under 'Physical Energy Flows' on the ENTSO-E website can be used as a proxy for 'energy trade indices' for your analysis. This column shows the net electricity imports or exports of each country in GWh, which reflects the degree of cross-border electricity flows and market integration. However, you should be aware of some limitations of this data source:

- The data is only available from 2015 to 2020, so you may not be able to capture the long-term trends or changes in energy trade indices over time.

- The data is based on physical flows rather than commercial contracts, which means that it may not reflect the actual prices or volumes of electricity traded between countries.

- The data may not include all the interconnections or exchanges between countries, especially for non-EU members or regions that are not covered by ENTSO-E.

Therefore, you may want to complement this data with other sources that provide more comprehensive and consistent information on electricity trade and market integration in the EU, such as Eurostat or ACER. I hope this clarifies your question and helps you with your research.

Dear Brian Njoroge your guidance is clear to me. Ok, I will cross-check with ACER/Eurostat. Again thanks for your kind cooperation.

Dear Brian Njoroge hope you are doing well. Will you be mind giving me the sources of following dataset? I searched those in IRENA, IEA and ILO database. But I am failed to get those. I need the historical data (up to current year) for the EU countries separately. My required dataset are:

• Interest rate/discount rate in renewable energy projects (specially solar photovoltaic, on-shore & off-shore wind energy). In other words, interest rate for green financing;
• Year-wise subsidies in fossil fuels and renewable energy sector;
• Number (in thousand) in renewable energy employment statistics (i.e., jobs created by solar photovoltaic, wind energy, hydropower, biofuels, etc.; each sector, each country, each year)

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the answer

There are several sources where you can obtain a dataset of energy trade indices for different years and countries to calculate the degree of energy market integration. Here are some examples:

International Organizations:

Online Data Platforms:

Custom Data Collection:

After acquiring the dataset, you can utilize it to calculate the degree of energy market integration. Several methods exist, but one common approach is to employ the Economic Integration Index (ECI). The ECI measures the ratio of energy trade to gross domestic product (GDP). The higher the ECI value, the greater the degree of energy market integration.

Here's an example of calculating the degree of energy market integration using the ECI:

Assume we have a dataset containing information on energy trade and GDP for a country for years 2020, 2021, and 2022. Using this data, we can calculate the ECI for each year as follows:

ECI_2020 = (Energy trade value in 2020 / GDP in 2020) * 100 ECI_2021 = (Energy trade value in 2021 / GDP in 2021) * 100 ECI_2022 = (Energy trade value in 2022 / GDP in 2022) * 100

If ECI_2020 = 20, it indicates that the energy trade-to-GDP ratio in 2020 was 20%. If ECI_2021 = 25, it implies that the energy trade-to-GDP ratio in 2021 was 25%. And if ECI_2022 = 30, it suggests that the energy trade-to-GDP ratio in 2022 was 30%.

Using these values, we can calculate the average ECI index over the three years as follows:

(ECI_2020 + ECI_2021 + ECI_2022) / 3

In this scenario, the average ECI index would be 25.

This average can be used to measure the degree of energy market integration in the country under consideration. The higher the average ECI index, the greater the degree of energy market integration.

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