We're interested in blended cements with slag and fly ash, and we'd like to define an effective protocol to determine chloride freeing in the binder matrix in order to predict binder resistance of the binder, and carbonation related issues. Which experimental techniques do you think could be better to obtain significant differences between different binder mixes?
Hi Susana,
May I suggest you check the following European standards edited by one of its technical committee (TC104: Concrete and related products http://standards.cen.eu/)
You will find four documents:
- EN 480-10:2009 ==> Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Test methods - Part 10: Determination of water soluble chloride content
- EN 14629:2007 ==> Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Test methods - Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete
- EN 13396:2004 ==> Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Test methods - Measurement of chloride ion ingress
- CEN/TS 12390-11:2010 ==> Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
I hope this helps,
Bruno
Hi Susana, the Cl binding capacity is defined by more than one parameter, as a function of the total chloride concentration. Usually it is described as bound Cl concentration as a function of free Cl concentration. As for the effect of slag and fly ash on Cl binding capacity, my group did a similar study on this:
Shi, X., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Cross, D. (2011). Strength and corrosion properties of Portland cement mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), 3245-3256.
Here is another useful ref:
Luping, T., & Nilsson, L. O. (1993). Chloride binding capacity and binding isotherms of OPC pastes and mortars. Cement and concrete research, 23(2), 247-253.
Hi Susana ...
there is different way and method. this topic is my interest research study and i suggest you study this paper :
Ali Dousti a,⇑, Mohammad Shekarchi a, Rouhollah Alizadeh b, Ali Taheri-Motlagh "Binding of externally supplied chlorides in micro silica concrete under
field exposure conditions" Cement and Concrete Composites
Volume 33, Issue 10, November 2011, Pages 1071–1079
Dear Susana,
There is (quite) convincing evidence that Cl binding capacity, especially in blended cements, is related to the formation of Friedel's salt and, subsequently, the availability of Al2O3.
I suggest the paper by Thomas et al. (2012) CCR 42: 1-7 as a guide to your request. I'll be happy to discuss that further if interested.
Regards
Prof. Ignasi Casanova, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
The references recommended by Dr. Shi are very useful. For determining the chloride binding capacity, you can refer to ASTM C1152, to determine the acid soluble Cl in mortar and concrete, and ASTM C1218 to determine the water soluble Cl. The former can be considered as the total Chloride content, and the latter as the free Chloride content. The difference between the two is the bonded Cl content.
Hi Susana,
May I suggest you check the following European standards edited by one of its technical committee (TC104: Concrete and related products http://standards.cen.eu/)
You will find four documents:
- EN 480-10:2009 ==> Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Test methods - Part 10: Determination of water soluble chloride content
- EN 14629:2007 ==> Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Test methods - Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete
- EN 13396:2004 ==> Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures - Test methods - Measurement of chloride ion ingress
- CEN/TS 12390-11:2010 ==> Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
I hope this helps,
Bruno
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