I read in a reference that: "Each person would be heterozygous for 24,000-40,000 non-synonymous (amino acid altering) substitutions".
Could you please tell me what does that mean?
Each person would have 24,000-40,000 sites where there is a base substitution on one copy of their gene (hence heterozygous) where the substitution results in a change in amino acid (non-synonymous substitution).
I agree with the previous answer. The vast majority of these substitutions are neutral/non-pathological, contributing to the phenotypic diversity among people.
When you compare an individuals' coding region to the reference genome, you will find 24,000-40,000 heterozygous amino acid changes. The majority of these variants are expected to have NO dramatic effect on the function of the encoded protein.
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