To calculate the coulombic efficiency in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), you need to measure the total charge (Q) produced by the MFC during a specific time period and determine the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the substrate used. Then, calculate the theoretical maximum charge (Q_theoretical) that could be generated from the complete oxidation of the COD. Coulombic efficiency can be calculated using the formula: Coulombic Efficiency = (Q / Q_theoretical) x 100%. This provides the percentage of electrons effectively converted into electrical current during MFC operation.