I have never made a homemade core catcher, but I did hear a story from a captain of a research vessel about how once, in a pinch, they made core catchers out of soup cans (that apparently worked well). Although a core catcher cut from a steel can sounds like even more of a sharp edge hazard than a regular core catcher.
At the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (Geological Survey of Canada Atlantic), the Metrology Section of the Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans developed a basket-design core catcher for the LeHigh gravity corer that was very successful and reusable.