Author Comment:
This study synthesizes key conclusions derived from a series of research papers on extended classical mechanics. These papers provide a fresh perspective on established experimental results, challenging traditional interpretations and highlighting potential inaccuracies in previous theoretical frameworks. Through this reinterpretation, the study aims to refine our understanding of fundamental physical phenomena, opening avenues for further exploration and validation.
Keywords: Photon dynamics, Gravitational interaction, Negative mass, Cosmic redshift, Extended classical mechanics,
Reversibility of Gravitational Interaction:
A photon’s interaction with an external gravitational force is inherently reversible. The photon maintains its intrinsic momentum throughout the process and eventually resumes its original trajectory after disengaging from the gravitational field.
Intrinsic Energy (E) Preservation:
The photon's intrinsic energy E, derived from its emission source, remains unaltered despite gaining or losing energy (Eg) through gravitational interaction within a massive body's gravitational influence.
Contextual Gravitational Energy (Eg):
The gravitational interaction energy Eg is a localized phenomenon, significant only within the gravitational influence of a massive body. Beyond this influence, in regions of negligible gravity, the photon retains only its intrinsic energy E.
Cosmic Redshift and Energy Loss (ΔE):
In the context of cosmic expansion, the recession of galaxies causes a permanent loss of a photon's intrinsic energy ΔE due to the cosmological redshift. This energy loss is independent of local gravitational interactions and reflects the large-scale dynamics of the expanding universe.
Negative Apparent Mass and Antigravitational Effects:
The photon's negative apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ generates a constant negative force −F, which manifests as an antigravitational effect. This behaviour parallels the characteristics attributed to dark energy in its capacity to resist gravitational attraction.
Wave Speed Consistency (c):
The constant negative force −F, arising from the photon's energy dynamics, ensures the photon’s ability to maintain a constant wave propagation speed c, irrespective of gravitational influences.
Negative Effective Mass:
The photon’s negative effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ allows it to exhibit properties akin to those of a negative particle. This feature contributes to its unique interaction dynamics within gravitational fields and reinforces its role in antigravitational phenomena.
Constant Effective Acceleration:
From the moment of its emission at an initial velocity of 0m/s, the photon experiences a constant effective acceleration, quantified as aᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ = 6 × 10⁸ m/s². This acceleration underpins the photon’s ability to achieve and sustain its characteristic speed of light (c), reinforcing its intrinsic energy and momentum dynamics.
How about Fg = dp/dt
Fg gravity force
p linear momentum vector of photon
Magnitude of p is E/c=hf/c
Thats what classical physics would say
That would bend photon trayectory near sun
How do you define the photon’s negative effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ
There is no notion of negative mass in classical physics.
Gurcharn Singh Sandhu
Sir,
"How do you define the photon’s negative effective mass Mᵉᶠᶠ,ₚₕₒₜₒₙ?"
Study extends classical mechanics by incorporating the dynamic concept of effective mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), which integrates combined rest mass (Mᴍ) and apparent mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), to analyse force dynamics in photons and its cosmological implications. Key findings include:
1. Photon Dynamics:
For photons (Mᴍ=0), the force is governed by their apparent mass and acceleration (F = −Mᵃᵖᵖaᵉᶠᶠ), providing a framework to calculate their responses to energy-momentum exchanges.
2. Gravitational Reinterpretation:
By substituting effective mass into Newton's law of gravitation, scenarios involving negative gravitational mass are explored, revealing altered gravitational interactions when −Mᵃᵖᵖ >Mᴍ.
3. Cosmological Parallels:
The negative effective mass of photons mirrors the behaviour of dark energy (Mᴅᴇ