Dear Prof. Richard Lewis,

Very interesting his explanation about the temperature of 3000 K in plasma.

I was a researcher in nuclear fusion engineering part of a small Tokamak ETE here in Brazil aimed at hot plasma experiments for nuclear fusion.

I was an electro-electronic engineer of this machine and in the master's (1998) I designed circuits of confinement and production of plasma in this Tokamak, then in my doctorate I developed a way to control the position of plasma in ETE (2003).

When we were in the beginning of plasma production in the year 2000, I installed an ultrafast camera to follow evolution of Tokamak's shots. However, I don't remember noticing this flash at the end of plasma. However, I was not aware of this. It may have appeared and I didn't care.

I am writing to you only to tell you that you can search for this information in many research centers around the world, all small and medium sized Tokamaks can give you this information, but I would recommend you to contact the staff of United Kingdom at the Culham Laboratory (https://ccfe.ukaea.uk/about-ccfe/culham-centre-for-fusion-energy/), at Tokamaks START, MAST, JET and STEP. They had a lot of important plasma imaging equipment.

I wish you best of luck in your research, and I know that if you can get in touch with people at Culham they can help you.

Best Regards,

Wiltgen

In time,

Prof. Vladimir B. Minaev he is a researcher at Tokamak GLOBUS-M and it could be that they have a good fast camera to check this possibility of 3000k flash.

Prof. Gusev ([email protected]) is a other researcher at Tokamak GLOBUS-M.

Prof. Manuel Peres Alonso is a other researcher at Tokamak ISTTOK (IST).

Good Luck!!!!

I would just like to add some background information to the question:

About 60 years ago there was a big debate about the evolution of the universe with the rival theories being the Big Bang theory and the Steady State theory. When the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) was observed this settled the issue in favour of the Big Bang theory because it was claimed that the CMBR was an "echo" of the Big Bang. Then it was realised that the CMBR could not have come from the Big Bang itself because the radiation coming from around 13.8 billion years ago was redshifted by z=1100. Given that the observed temperature of the radiation is 2.7 degrees Kelvin this - projected back - meant that the CMBR must have been emitted at a temperature of 3000 degrees Kelvin at a time 370,000 years after the Big Bang.

So they came up with the idea of recombination which meant that the universe was filled with a plasma which was opaque to radiation until it cooled to below 3000 degrees Kelvin when the radiation could propagate in all directions. This explained the start of the radiation. Then you have to explain how it is that we observe the radiation coming from 13.8 billion years ago. The answer to this part of the problem is that the Big Bang happened everywhere and so recombination happened everywhere. The once recombination has finished the radiation can be observed after one year coming from a distance of one light year. After a million years it is observed coming from a million light years and after 13.8 billion years it is observed with a travel distance of 13.8 billion light years. So under this theory the CMBR must have been emitted as a flash of radiation.

No one seems to have checked this Big Bang story by actually checking to see if a plasma emits a flash of radiation as the temperature drops through 3000 degrees Kelvin. The point is that if there is no flash of radiation then there is no valid Big Bang theory. I am not saying that the Steady State theory is correct. I am saying that we have to look for alternatives to the Big Bang theory:

Conference Paper The Explanation for Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Data Prerecording of Conference Presentation on Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Richard

Dear Prof. Richard Lewis,

Perfect, I hope you can investigate the old debate between Big Bang Theory and Stationary State Theory, with these new ideas and opportunities with ultra-fast cameras in Tokamaks.

Best Regards,

Prof. Wiltgen