There is no doubt that x-rays are highly energetic. Since UV radiation can promote ordinary molecules to their excited states, x-ray charge densities obtained using high-resolution x-ray diffraction should be assigned as ground or excited states of the electronic structure of the crystal?
In principle yes, but there are two problems, one theoretical and one practical:
In short, such experiments are doable, but relatively hard compared to bread&butter crystal diffraction. For normal crystallography, you can simply ignore the inelastic scattering.
What you get in the end, however, is not an electron density of the excited state, but some matrix elements similar to transition dipole moments, which encode spatial information. With some more advanced schemes, you can also recover a bit of dynamics (Peter Abbamonte would be a name to look for here).
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