Clamps are spherical shock fronts that each carry a standard bit of mass. Warps are one-dimensional shock fronts that each carry a standard bit of energy. Both are solutions of homogeneous second order partial differential equations and together they constitute all discrete objects that exist in the universe. 

Clamps give mass to elementary particles. In this way, they compete with the Higgs mechanism.

http://vixra.org/abs/1709.0150

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