Does anyone know of reliable label-free techniques for quantifying graphene and/or graphene oxide inside cells and tissues of organisms such as algae, worm, etc.?
Difficult question, but I think you can get a close answer. We tried absorbance method for quantifying carbon nanotube uptake into cells. Similar to carbon nanotube, graphene is also black in color, so it should also work. You can make a standard curve on graphene absorbance at different concentrations. Then you treat the cells and after treatment, you wash and lyse the cells to get the lysate, read its absorbance. From there you can calculate the concentration of graphene using your standard curve. It will allow you to normalize with the lysate of untreated control cells as background.