Vitamin D acts as a hormone and is vital for the health of the brain, for the cardiovascular and respiratory tract, the skin, and the immune and endocrine systems. It is well known that vitamin D deficiency can impair the correct immune response to oral microbial infections, increasing the risk of periodontitis. Moreover, vitamin D plays an important role in the metabolism of bone. In the bone, vitamin D stimulates the activity of osteoclasts and increases the production of extracellular matrix proteins by osteoblasts.

Today, vitamin D is considered deficient when serum 25(OH) levels are 30 ng/mL . Vitamin D deficiency, which can result from inadequate dietary intake together with insufficient exposure to sunlight, is today a worldwide public health concern and suspected to be aggravated more in the current worldwide situation of the pandemic and lockdowns.

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