We exist in a fractal world. We see the phases of water: water vapor, liquid water and ice on Earth. We see the phases of matter in space: Pre-matter (Dark energy), electromagnetic field (Dark matter) and substance. The substance is immersed in the field environment. We "hear" the existence of the field environment whenever we bring a mobile phone to our ear.
Particles of substance are vortex condensations of an electromagnetic field. Rotating particles carry the adjacent field layer into rotation. The mass of the own field is equal to the mass of the particle. When particles are combined into fragments, their own layers are forced out. The flows of a vortex of its own electromagnetic field flow around an atom, a molecule, a stone, the Earth, the Sun, the Galaxy.
The environment of the electromagnetic field is the only source of gravity. Vortex flows near a material body create a pressure gradient of the environment (Bernoulli effect). Nature is simple and does nothing in vain. Nature achieves much with the help of the very small. Fundamental interactions initially have a single gravity mechanism based on the Bernoulli effect.
The dark matter of the Earth is the contents of the magnetosphere. Its mass is equal to the mass of the Earth. The dark matter of the Sun fills the heliosphere. Its mass is equal to the mass of the Sun. The dark matter of rotating sources rotates. But if in the galaxy there is an approximately equal number of right- and left-rotating stars, then the action of the flows is compensated.
Oliver Heaviside was the first to describe the analogy between electromagnetism and gravity (1893). He generalized Newton's theory to the case of time-dependent gravitational interactions. He introduced the gravimagnetic field created by moving masses. Oleg D. Jefimenko created a generalized theory of gravity by solving the Heaviside equations.
More in the book "Electromagnetic Gravity. Part 2" in my profile.
Well, sorry, but that sounds not very credible. First of all, where do you get the idea that Dark Energy is "pre-Matter"? Whatever that is supposed to be. Matter is if you will condensated energy - but this is not limited to dark energy or dark matter. Remember the often proven equation: E = m c2.
Currently, we have no reason to assume there are any singnifcant amounts of dark matter linked to Earth. Especially not in the same amount of its ordinary, barionic, matter. you make a number of claims, but they appear to be contradicting validated data. Maybe it's language problem?
Valeriy Pakulin
" The dark matter of the Earth is the contents of the magnetosphere. Its mass is equal to the mass of the Earth. "
In which case, may I ask how you expect the acceleration experienced by orbiting satellites to vary with respect to orbital altitude?
To my knowledge, all orbiting craft move as if the mass of the Earth (to a rather good approximation) were concentrated at the centre of the Earth.
If the magnetosphere somehow contained the same mass as the Earth, then satellites in low Earth orbits would experience the effects of this mass around them, and the resulting force law would no longer be inverse-square.
It would seem that presence of Keplerian orbits around the Earth denies the presence of substantial extended 'fields' of matter in the (much larger) magnetosphere of the Earth.
Volker Maiwald
James Garry
Dear Volker & James,
You are right: it's language problem: we speak different languages. Our words have different meanings. To understand each other, we must stand on a single base.
Rene Descartes saw all bodies surrounded by vortices of "subtle matter." This provides gravity due to the Bernoulli effect. The pressure of the interplanetary medium (normal to the body) decreases in the horizontal flows of the medium. Today, 300 years after Newton, we must return to Descartes.
"Subtle matter" is an electromagnetic field. This is an environment that fills all space. The density of the field is эо= 8.85*10^(-12) kg/m^3. Field quanta — vortex gravitons — move at the speed of light. Pre-matter, electromagnetic field and material are the three phases of matter known to us. Phase transitions occur in black holes. These are factories for the renewal of matter.
Dear Volker, Energy is not a substance. This is the property of material objects to move. Energy cannot condense. An electromagnetic field in the form of a dispersed medium of vortex gravitons is a condensed Pre-matter. A substance in the form of vortex neutrinos is a condensed electromagnetic field. Here I am talking about the field as a collection of dispersed vortex particles and not as a mathematical abstraction (my language is my enemy).
Dear James, we are talking about different things. You are talking about the mass of baryonic matter, and I'm talking about the electromagnetic field. I described the nature of gravity in a book. The magnetosphere field creates environmental pressure. Earth does not attract the moon. The electromagnetic field of the environment pushes the moon to the earth. Everything is the same with the Galaxy. Only there, the external vortex will rotate (receives a moment from the bulk of the stars). It just carries along the stars on the outskirts.
Yours
Valeriy Pakulin
Valeriy Pakulin
Can you model this 'push'?
And how does an electromagnetic field push a neutral body and a charged body equally well?
If we have two satellites orbiting the Earth, one charged, one uncharged, how does your model accommodate their differing charges?
James Garry
Dear James,
I conducted experiments only with uncharged bodies. If you are interested in this topic, please see page 31 and page 35 in the book "Electromagnetic Gravity. Part 2" in my profile.
Yours
Valeriy Pakulin
PS
EM field is medium. Electric field is specific flow in that medium.
Dark matter has nothing to do with electromagnetism. It is only detected by its gravitational effects, and gravity is the only force that is not in any way connected with electromagnetism, so any theory connecting dark matter and electromagnetism must be rubbish.
As to what dark matter is, that is completely unknown. We know that it comprises most of the mass of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and superclusters, but whether it is ordinary matter in a form that makes it difficult or impossible to observe, or some strange kind of matter that we have no way of detecting at the present time is a mystery. It is quite possible that the answer will be something interesting and exciting, and if it is someone or some group will win Nobel Prizes for proving it, which is why almost everyone is working toward that approach. Or it may turn out to be something so ordinary, obvious and boring that everyone will just say, "Meh", so hardly anyone is working on that sort of idea. Either way, it will probably be decades, if ever, before that question is solved. But we can be certain that it will not involve electromagnetism in any way whatsoever.
(For a discussion of how we know that dark matter does exist, and some of the many failed attempts to figure out what it is, see http://cseligman.com/text/galaxies/dark.htm (Dark Matter in Galaxies).)
Courtney Seligman
Dear Courtney,
I studied your excellent lecture, thanks. You write finally:
"It is possible that strange dark matter exists, and if so, then it may make up a large part of the dark matter inside galaxies. But it is also possible that strange dark matter does not exist, and that all of the dark matter inside galaxies is just some form of ordinary matter in a very strange form. We just don't know. All we know is that there is something that makes up 90% of the mass of the galaxy, about which we know almost nothing save its existence."
I think that this is not a matter of "strange matter", but of our heavy conservative heads only. The disperse media of the electromagnetic field, photons and neutrinos known to us fill the volumes of galaxies. We only need to realize that they all have mass. Mass is a measure of energy. A massless particle is a particle without energy, i.e. "does not exist". Mass is the sum of inertness. Inertness is a tensor. Photon and neutrino have zero longitudinal inertness (they move at the speed of light). But in the transverse direction, they are inert. The mass of a photon is equal to the mass of an electron. The mass of a neutrino is equal to half the mass of an electron. This follows from the "Neutrino theory of light" by Louis de Broglie. The physical model of particles (with pictures!) is described in the book "Electromagnetic Gravity. Part 1" in my profile.
Are there strange forms of the environment in galaxies? The figure on the right shows the structure of the Dark Photon on page 25 of this book. This boson moves at the speed of light, has no spin and longitudinal mass. It cannot tolerate the moment, but has a transverse inertness (mass).
Dear Courtney, you write:
"Or it may turn out to be something so ordinary, obvious and boring that everyone will just say, "Meh", so hardly anyone is working on that sort of idea. Either way, it will probably be decades, if ever, before that question is solved. But we can be certain that it will not involve electromagnetism in any way whatsoever."
Galaxies are pans with strong boiling broth and rare meatballs in it. Dark matter is the medium of dispersed substances we already know. They surround us on Earth. All that is needed is to clean our brains. Is it real that a photon has no mass, but has energy, momentum, moment, spin? These are the remains of medieval mysticism! Where does the mass of the electron and positron go when annihilating? Doesn’t it turn into a mass of photons? After all, mass is the amount of matter in the body (Newton).
You are talking about electromagnetism. But my question is not about that at all! I am talking about a dispersed medium, whose quanta - gravitons - randomly move at the speed of light. The vortex flows of this medium we call the magnetic field. The translational flows of this medium we call the electric field. We call the vortex disturbances of this medium radio waves. Longitudinal waves in this medium we fix as gravitational waves. The white noise of this medium is called background radiation (CWB). You are convinced of the existence of this environment whenever you bring a mobile phone to your ear. The radio waves from the interlocutor came through the medium of an electromagnetic field. Finally, 300 years after Newton, we can firmly say the electromagnetic field is the source of gravity (Electromagnetic Gravity. Part 2, page 25, 31 in my profile).
Formalism in the brain, lethargy of thought, lack of dialectics is the cause of darkness. All matter is light, we ourselves are dark.
Yours
Valeriy Pakulin
Aha and why do we have to return to Decartes? And why do you disregard the theory of relativity, although there is numerous proof?
But please define, what "pre-matter" is supposed to be.
Volker Maiwald
Dear Volker,
1. We have to return to Decartes because his cosmological ideas explain gravity. We only fill them with new content based on experimental data.
2. I regard the theory of relativity. This is the theory of the translation of formulas (equations of motion) in the transition between inertial and non-inertial coordinate systems. But all this was speculatively overgrown with verbal interpretation. The curvature of space, the reduction in the size of objects, the acceleration of time, wormholes, etc. are unscientific fiction. This is not written in the formulas. These are inventions of bad physicists who wanted to become famous. Followers are always much more radical than the founders.
3. Pre-matter is one of the phase states of matter. Steam, liquid and ice are three phases of water. Pre-matter, electromagnetic field and substance are the three phases of matter. These dispersed media are embedded in each other. They fill the whole space. We live in these environments. Additional collapsed measurements of string theory (and Kaluza-Klein theory) are a description of the world not in breadth, but in depth.
If you really think about it, please look at the book "Electromagnetic Gravity. Part 1" in my profile.
Yours
Valeriy Pakuli
PS
Do you know who deals with electromagnetic engines for satellites? I mean jet engines with a field emission, not gas.
Dear Valery!
Why are you convinced that 'dark matter' exist? You enquire about the great number of particles elsewhere. This theoretical inventions are results of a considerable lack of recognition. It is possible to replace recognition by chains of theories and their mathematical derivations for a a specific time but not fot eternity.
We can be sure that only one type of well known matter exist and not dozens types of matter according to the 'black holes' within the recognition of contemporaey physics.
As I said eleswhere: The elementari building blocks of material matter are electrons and positrons. This is provable! There is no possibility for an other type of matter in the whole universe.
My Regards! Hans
Hans-G. Hildebrandt
Dear Hance,
Electromagnetic Field is matter, isn't it? What do You say about it?
Yours Valeriy
Sorry, it does not sound convincing, what you write about pre-matter. Where is your proof?
Prof. Tajmar from TU Dresden is working on the EM-Drive. you might want to check him out. Martin Tajmar
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