Hopi Indian flour corn varieties, (three varieties at https://www.ecoseeds.com ) grow in the desert of Arizona with only 3 cm of monthly rainfall in sand dunes without irrigation. A unique variety with a woody taproot that grows 10 cm a day looking for water, and the plant height adapts itself to grow lower if water supplies are lower, and still produce ears of flour corn.

Couve tronchuda or Portuguese Kale, produces kale-like leaves in only 60 days in the tropics, grown in tropical Africa and Brazil.

Olives are very drought resistant, but plants should only be grown on level lands, other wise the chemicals in the leaves kill the understory plants, and that can cause top soil loss, like it has in Greece and Italy over time.

How about restoring the local native desert grasses, to increase rainfall and cool the climate, like the Saudis with their "Saudi Green Initiative" are doing when they adopted my proposal in August 2010 at https://wwwecoseeds.com/cool.html

Their plan is to plant 10 billion trees.

Then the replanted desert plants produce carbon credits from the carbon sequestered in the soil, to help make your country's fossil fuel use Carbon Neutral? The people grazing or dry land farming could make 5-10X the income per hectare replanting native grasses, wildflowers and trees and selling the Carbon Credits to your government, than trying to make a living grazing or farming those marginal areas.

The ranchers here in the Western USA on unirrigated rangelands, after expenses only make $1 per hectare per cm of annual rainfall, whereas if the desert grasses and wildflowers were replanted and not grazed those ranchers could net 5-10X as much per hectare.

The replanting of the local native grasses and wildflowers, could cool the surface of the barren areas, by 40 deg. F during the daytime, plus cool the air at night to change the dew point, so that you could increase the annual rainfall up to one meter or more.

When replanting DO NOT use introduced species, only use the local native ecotype seeds. Picture attached of my project here in Woodside, California. It is extremely important, when you replant any arid land, you want to see native plant cover or an organic matter cover on every square meter and do not leave ANY bare soil showing. A 10 x 10 cm patch of bare soil, means you have a hole that needs fixing.

For high temperature and sandy soil grow melons like watermelon in summer and carrots, radish in winter

Prakash Shah can it sustain in saline water under sandy soil and temperature ??

Instead of looking for a crop that can survive severe and arid conditions and poor soil, it might be easier to start by restoring the deserts with their local native plants.. and then when the soils are improved and the annual rainfall increases, then you set aside 10 of those restored hectares as Ecological Restoration Preserves for nature--no farming or grazing. And for every 10 hectares preserved, you can start to utilize one hectare for farming or grazing in the future.

What people write about the Thal desert is that it is "severely eroded due to anthropogenic activities such as expansion of land for cultivation and human settlement that resulted into desertification. Natural vegetation is replaced by perennial grasses, which might be a response to the anthropogenic pressure on the flora by human as well as animals. With the passage of time, the native flora is vanishing,"

That land is like a car that has been stripped down to the chassis--no engine, no transmission, and no tires... just a rusting hunk of the chassis, so adding a new set of tires, with some crop that can survive in those conditions, will not get that ecosystem on the road again.

Fortunately that desert still has a lot of native plants.. that could quickly recover that land, to get the ecosystems restored again, so that the Thal could get an increase in annual rainfall.

And countries that produce oil and gas, like KSA, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, could PAY for the replanting of the natives in the Thal, to produce Carbon Credits so they could use those credits to sell a Carbon Neutral product to their customers. It will be the easiest way to get that CO2 out of the air, have the native plants put it in the ground for us.

They could pay the farmers and grazers of the Thal, to replant the natives, and make 5-10 times their annual income after expenses, that they make by farming or grazing.

TODAY at COP27 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO8PcbxOu0Y the Saudis have expanded my 2002 proposal at https://www.ecoseeds.com/cool.html to replant native plants in Arabia, and have invited the entire Middle East AND North Africa AND Pakistan AND India AND China, etc. to join this process, as one of the ways to store carbon and produce a Carbon Neutral future. They are giving presentations on YouTube for the next two weeks.

Sunn hemp is a good legume fixer and is drought tolerant

Hi

re some information for you.

1-Grasses keep growing in hot weather

Bermudagrass is extremely heat tolerant daytime temperatures of 95 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit are optimal. Pennington Bermudagrass yields dense, resilient, heat-tolerant lawns. Zoysia grass, Centipede grass and Bahiagrass also tolerate high heat very well.

1.1 Sandy soils

The best grass varieties that grow on sandy soils include tall fescue, zoysia, Bermuda grass, bentgrass, and bahiagrass.

1.2 Saline water growing grasses

Less familiar, salt-tolerant grasses for home lawns are perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, red fescue, wheatgrass, alkaligrass and bermudagrass.

2- Crop are grown in high temperature

Wheat, maize and soybean

2.1 Sandy soils

Root crops like carrots, parsnips and potatoes favour sandy soils. Lettuce, strawberries, peppers, corn, squash, zucchini, collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially in sandy soils.

2.2 Crop are grown in saline water

A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores.

PLEASE HAVE A CHECK; https://www.csbe.org/plants-that-tolerate-alkaline-soils

Plant Lists Plants that Tolerate Alkaline Soils

Botanical name Acacia cyanophylla. ...

Botanical name Acacia farnesiana. ...

Botanical name Acacia greggii. ...

Botanical name Agave palmeri. ...

Botanical name Albizia julibrissin. ...

Botanical name Aloe nobilis. ...

Botanical name Bougainvillea sp. ...

Botanical name Brachychiton populeneus.

3. Vegetables growing in hot weather

Corn, okra, eggplant, hot peppers, tomatillos, and even though they aren't vegetables, melons like watermelons and cantaloupes.

3.1 Saline water

Certain varieties of potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, beetroots and strawberries have high salt tolerance. Brackish water was also found to be suitable for irrigating oats, barley, onions and sugar beet.

3.2 Sandy-Soil

https://www.gardeningchannel.com/35-best-plants-sandy-soil/

Vegetables that Thrive in Sandy Soil.

Carrots. Carrots have tap roots, which means that carrots grow better when their root systems can easily penetrate the ground. ...

Radishes. ...

Potatoes. ...

Lettuce. ...

Collard Greens. ...

Tomatoes. ...

Zucchini.

Misbah Naz thanks for detail answer