The question of whether heterogeneous catalysts or photocatalytic systems can degrade organic radioactive waste (e.g., TBP, solvents) into non-toxic byproducts without secondary pollution is a complex challenge requiring interdisciplinary solutions. Organic radioactive waste, such as tributyl phosphate (TBP) from nuclear fuel reprocessing, combines chemical toxicity with radioactivity, demanding innovative treatment strategies. Heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., metal oxides, zeolites) and photocatalysts (e.g., TiO₂, g-C₃N₄) offer potential pathways to mineralize these organics into CO₂, H₂O, and inert salts, but critical barriers remain. Catalyst stability under ionizing radiation, selectivity to avoid toxic intermediates (e.g., phosphorus byproducts), and prevention of secondary waste (e.g., mobilized radionuclides) are key hurdles. Research could explore radiation-resistant materials like CeO₂ or SiC, synergistic radiolysis-photocatalysis to enhance •OH radical generation, and mechanistic studies using LC-MS/GC-MS to track TBP degradation pathways. Hybrid systems, such as adsorption-coupled catalysis or plasma-catalysis, might improve efficiency, while green metrics (atom economy, E-factor) must quantify sustainability gains over incineration. Challenges include radionuclide volatilization (e.g., RuO₄), catalyst fouling from organic radicals, and energy trade-offs of UV/plasma versus thermal methods. Success could pioneer Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for mixed organic/radioactive waste, align with Green Chemistry principles (energy efficiency, catalysis over stoichiometric reagents), and even enable resource recovery (e.g., phosphorus, uranium). Experimental work should start with non-radioactive TBP analogs, progress to hot-cell tests with actual waste, and leverage computational modeling (e.g., DFT for radiation damage prediction). While high-risk due to potential catalyst deactivation or scalability issues, this research could redefine sustainable nuclear waste management.