Hi Djaafar, my own experience is feeling more relaxed and focused after smoking a cigarette.

Hi Djaafar, my own experience is feeling some what relaxed  after focused to nicotine.

We use  nicotine metabolites cotinine and 3-OH-cotinine in urine to assess exposure to first and second-hand tobacco smoke. 

Nicotine and its derivatives were used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

يمكن استخدامها على الكيمياء النيكوتين في

وقت مبكر من عام 1924، ذكرت تشيشيبابين و كيرسانوف أن (S) النيكوتين يتفاعل مع قواعد أميد قوية لإعطاء خليط من 6 و 2 أمينونيكوتينز، الكيمياء يمكن استخدامها على النيكوتين في

كما أنها تستخدم كمواد خام لإعداد بعض المشتقات النيكوتين الأخرى .

Chemistry can be used on nicotine

As early as 1924, Chishipapin and Kirsanov reported that (S) nicotine reacts with strong Amide bases to give a mixture of 6 and 2-aminonicotine,

They are also used as raw materials to prepare some other nicotine derivatives.

تابع استخدام النيكوتين كمادة اولية لتحضير مشتقاتة .في عام 1978، إيتوكاوا التحقيق في الألكلة وتم الحصول على خليط من مشتقات النيكوتين 2 و 4 و 6-أكييل نيكوتين

Among the possible therapeutic uses of nicotine nicotine has been noted to show favorable effects on patients with

  Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Tourette syndrome along with other central nervous system-related disorders.

Nicotine has been shown to produce a significant and marked improvement in information processing and short term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Not only is nicotine’s effectiveness displayed with Alzheimer’s disease, but it has also been shown to normalize an auditory gating deficit found in the schizophrenic patients.

and short term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type .

We have developed various methodologies to synthesize enantiopure nicotine derivatives using nicotine as starting material. These methods are more efficient than the ones currently existing since no resolution is required to obtain the desired enantiomer

However, detrimental effects including actions on both the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, sleep disturbance and dependence limit the use of nicotine as a therapeutic reagent .

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) belong to the genus Nicotiana, and is native to America. These plants spread all over Indonesia and have utility primarily for raw material for making cigarettes

At the beginning of the 20th century, natural nicotine was the main insecticide used

in crop protection. Nicotine has been formulated for insecticide purposes in different

forms: pure compound, nicotine sulfate, tobacco dust and soap. Its major insecticidal

activity is observed in the pure compound and the soap formulation.

In high doses, nicotine blocks theneuronal acetylcholine receptors

which is the reason for its toxicity and effectiveness as an insecticide. Its activity causes impulses that result in convulsions and death .

In most mammalian species, nicotine is rapidly and intensively metabolized primarily in the liver (Gorrod and Jenner 1975, Nakayama 1988). Although Coxidation,(i.e.cotinine formation) is the major pathway of nicotine metabolism, the formation of N-oxide derivatives of nicotine constituents an important route of nicotine biotransformation (Sepkovic et al., 1986).

At the physiological pH of blood (7.4) about 69% of nicotine is protonated and the rest remains non-ionized. In its ionized state, such as the case in acidic environment of gastric fluid, nicotine does not cross membranes. On the other hand, it is well absorbed in the small intestine which has a more alkaline pH. The two rings in nicotine cause it to have low polarity and moderate hydrophobicity which results in good solubility in environments of low polarity. Owing to this property, nicotine is extensively absorbed through the skin and can readily pass into brain tissues crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Absorption of nicotine across biological membranes depends on pH. Nicotine is a weak base with a pKa of 8.0.

In its ionized state, such as in acidic environments, nicotine does not rapidly cross membranes.

The pH of smoke from flue-cured tobaccos, found in most cigarettes, is acidic (pH 5.5–6.0).

Tobacco smoke is a widely recognized public health issue that not only affects the health of those who choose to actively smoke, but also those who are in close vicinity to second‐hand smoke. A pertinent example of this increased risk is provided by neonates and young children who live with a smoker. These children are at increased risk for asthma and sudden infant death syndrome (Windham et al., 2000) .

Use of nicotine as an insecticide.

The design of a new class of insecticides that would act against adult mosquitoes and have low human toxicity has become of high importance for several reasons. First, mosquitoes are the carrier of a variety of serious and deadly diseases, such as malaria, West Nile Virus, yellow fever and AIDS among others. Second, at the moment only two classes of chemical insecticides are used: the organophosphates and the pyrethroids. The organophosphates are on the verge of being removed from the market because of their high toxicity. In addition, mosquitoes have developed a common mechanism of resistance against both the organophosphates and the pyrethroids. The development of a new class of insecticides is therefore imperative.