Nicotine has pharmacological properties that can increase
Blood pressure and heart rate.
* Nicotine works on nicotine acetylcholine receptors. At small concentrations increases the activity of these receptors. Leading to increased adrenaline flow, a stimulant hormone. This is the flow of adrenaline causing
Increase in heart rate, blood pressure and breathing, in addition to high levels of blood glucose. Cotinine is a product produced from nicotine that stays in the blood for up to 48 hours and can be used as an indicator to find out who is exposed to smoking. At high doses, nicotine causes depolarizing impedance of acetylcholine receptors, which is the main cause of its toxicity and efficacy as an insecticide.
The use of nicotine in pharmaceutical treatments
After mixed with other compounds, nicotine is a good medication for treating brain diseases such as Alzheimer's or dementia, as well as various forms of nicotine-containing drugs used to help quit smoking, such as Chantix. Chantix Nicotine is also used to treat mucosal ulcers of the colon and relieve the pain of this ulcer, and the oxidation of nicotine with nitric acid can get vitamin B3 .
One study has confirmed that nicotine in small doses of nicotine has a stimulating effect, increased activity, and alertness
memory. Repeated users reported only relief of withdrawal symptoms of nicotine. it's also
Increases heart rate and blood pressure and reduces appetite. In large nicotine doses
May cause vomiting and nausea
Among Biological properties of nicotine.
Nicotine has a long history of being produced and used by humans for pharmacological purposes because of its numerous biological properties. Nicotine displays numerous effects on the central nervous system: in addition of being addictive, enhancement of the working memory and attention, increase of arousal and alertness and decrease of anxiety have been found .
On the other hand ,Nicotine has another alternative in tused nicotine products has greater value to, for example as an insecticide in agriculture. he form of more useful products. With the extract of tobacco leaf extract can be
Thus, the extract nicotine from tobacco leaves will be much more useful than in the form of cigarettes smoked. Besides nicotine after undergoing further processing can be utilized for both industries to mix the drug, supplement drink mix, sleep medicine, and cosmetic products, the price is more expensive and the market is wide open, 100 mg price reaches 900,000 rupiahs
And also physiological properties of nicotine : Absorption of nicotine and other alkaloids across the biological membranes depends on the pH. The alkaline pH in which nicotine is largely nonionized facilitates the absorption of nicotine through the mucous membrane . At the physiological pH of blood (7.4) about 69% of nicotine is protonated and the rest remains non-ionized.
In its ionized state, such as the case in acidic environment of gastric fluid, nicotine does not cross membranes. At the physiological pH of blood (7.4) about 69% of nicotine is protonated and the
rest remains non-ionized. In its ionized state, such as the case in acidic environment of gastric fluid, nicotine does not cross membranes . On the other hand, it is well absorbed in the small intestine which has a more alkaline pH.The two rings in nicotine cause it to have low polarity and moderate hydrophobicity which results in good solubility in environments of low polarity. Owing to this property, nicotine is extensively absorbed through the skin and can readily pass into brain tissues crossing the blood-brain barrier . Certain organs such as spleen, liver, lungs and brain have a high affinity for nicotine
From tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum L. ( Solanaceae)
C10H14N2, MW 162.23
CAS RN 54-11-5, BRN 82109
[α] = –168.5° (c 0.0465 g/mL, acetone)
Colourless viscous liquid, bp 90−92 °C (500 Pa)
Nicotine is commercially available.
Synonymous names:
3-[(2S)-1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]pyridine,
(–)-Nicotine, (S)-(–)-Nicotine
Level: medium
Very strong poison! Warning: Lethal dose for adults: 40-60 mg
Storage under exclusion of air and moisture
The various uses of nicotine as a potential drug and as an insecticide make it a valuable subject of studies for chemists. Rondahl conducted an early study on the structure-activity relationship of nicotine analogues in 1977.
One of the cons of nicotine . Potential side effects include actions on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, dependence, sleep disturbance, and at higher doses neuromuscular effects and seizures .
Nicotine is dibasic. The nitrogens located on the pyridine and pyrrolidine ring have pKa values of 3.04 and 7.84 respectively. At pH 7.4, nicotine exists in two forms: the
monoprotonated form 10 and the neutral form 1 in a 2: 1 ratio. The uncharged nicotine can penetrate the lipoprotein membrane..
The plant from which zikari or today cigars can be made is named
Nicotiana tabacum and belongs to the nightshade family. It was
indigenous to Middle and South America at the time of its discovery. The
leaves are processed to products that can be smoked, sniffed or chewed.
The ingredient of interest that causes most of the physiological effect is
nicotine. The amount of this classical alkaloid in the tobacco may differ
considerably depending on the variety of Nicotiana tabacum and is
reported to be between only 0.05% up to 7.5% (Russian “ Machorka”).
Nicotine is biosynthesized in the roots and accumulated in the leaves.
The origin of the N-atom in the pyridine ring is L- aspartic acid, the N in
the pyrrolidine ring results from ornithine, which in turn is made from
L- arginine. It is clear that the high level of the alkaloid made leads to the
requirement for a rich soil that has enough ammonium ions to be taken
up by the plant. The benefi t for the plant is believed to be protection
against pests. Indeed, nicotine has strong insecticidal and anthelminthic
properties.
Nicotine is the major addictive substance in cigarette tobacco. Nicotine is given off by burning tobacco and carried into the respiratory tract on tar droplets and in the vapor phase.
As a weak base, nicotine may exist in an ionized or a non-ionized form. The relative proportions of these two forms, determined by the pH of the smoke, affect where nicotine is most readily absorbed into the body. At the acidic pH of most cigarette smoke, absorption occurs predominantly in the lungs, but with the alkaline smoke produced by cigars and pipe tobacco, nicotine being predominantly non-ionized, is absorbed mainly in the mouth.
Absorption into the blood stream is rapid, and concentrations of nicotine in the blood rise rapidly during smoking. Nicotine is metabolized, mainly in the liver, and the two major metabolites are cotinine and oxynicotine
The direct contribution of nicotine to tobacco-associated diseases is unclear, as it is inhaled along with many other substances in tobacco smoke. The role of nicotine is to maintain the addiction and other substances in tobacco smoke, particularly tar and some of the gaseous components such as carbon monoxide, are the main direct causes of disease .
British researchers said they had reached a way to produce a new vaccine to combat polio using plant extracts from tobacco species. The vaccine was developed by researchers from the University of Oxford and Leeds in Britain, and published the results of their research, in the journal "Nature communications" scientific. The scientists hope that their discovery will help in eliminating the disease and change the way in which the vaccine is made
Nicotine has a long history of being produced and used by humans for pharmacological purposes because of its numerous biological properties. Nicotine displays numerous effects on the central nervous system: in addition of being addictive, enhancement of the working memory and attention, increase of arousal and alertness and decrease of anxiety have been found
There is a reduction in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and total sleep time in healthy nonsmokers given nicotine via a transdermal patch, and the reduction is dose-dependent.
Acute nicotine intoxication has been found to significantly reduce total sleep time and increase REM latency, sleep onset latency, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 2 sleep time.
Depressive non-smokers experience mood improvements under nicotine administration, but then the withdrawal effect has a negative effect on both mood and sleep.
Ref:
1. Garcia AN, Salloum IM (October 2015). "Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: A focused review". The American Journal on Addictions. 24 (7): 590–8. doi:10.1111/ajad.12291
2. Boutrel B, Koob GF (September 2004). "What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications". Sleep. 27 (6): 1181–94. doi:10.1093/sleep/27.6.1181
Supplement Drinks: Nicotine has stimulant properties and could potentially be used in energy drinks or cognitive enhancement supplements. However, its addictive nature and potential health risks would need to be carefully considered. Regulation would likely be stringent due to concerns about addiction and adverse health effects.
Sleep Medicine: While nicotine is a stimulant, some research suggests that it may have sleep-regulating effects, particularly in small doses. However, the potential for addiction and other negative health consequences may outweigh any benefits. Alternative sleep aids with fewer risks are more commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.
I think yes, nicotine can be used in several different industries and products based on different market needs and uses. Here are some examples:
Pharmaceutical industry: Nicotine is used in some medications aimed at helping people quit smoking and alleviating the withdrawals resulting from quitting it.
Supplementary drinks: There are some drinks that contain certain levels of nicotine, and they are often aimed at people who want to experience the effects of nicotine without smoking.
Sleep medications: Nicotine can be used in some medications directed at treating sleep disorders, due to its potential effect on relaxation and calming the nerves.
Beauty products: Nicotine can be part of some beauty products such as skin care creams and lotions, and it is believed that it can help improve the appearance and soften the skin.
However, nicotine must be used with caution and in accordance with medical guidelines and local laws in each industry and product to avoid any health or legal issues.
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