Can CO2 enrichment in protected agriculture be established in all countries? And used? And prevent ozone depletion? Does it seem like a viable approach?

It is a promising strategy for improving crop productivity, resource use efficiency and water conservation. However, its environmental impact depends on the CO2 source and the energy matrix used. Adopting carbon capture and reuse technologies, along with a transition to renewable energy sources, is crucial to maximize the benefits without increasing the carbon footprint.

This strategy has shown significant improvements in biomass production and yield in various crops, although its effectiveness varies by species, phenological stage and environmental conditions. Key challenges include ventilation, nutrient availability and interactions with other environmental stressors, which need to be addressed through advanced monitoring and optimal dosing strategies.Technological advances in CO2 injection and enrichment have enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and crop performance, but implementation must consider CO2 sources, energy costs, and integration with environmental control systems. The use of liquefied CO2, biogas, and carbon capture presents opportunities and challenges that require careful evaluation to ensure sustainability and profitability. Modeling and simulation tools, such as CFD, neural networks, and physiological models, play a crucial role in optimizing CO2 distribution, reducing resource consumption, and improving productivity. However, their effectiveness depends on experimental validation and integration with real-time control systems. Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) and CO2 enrichment offer highyield solutions for controlled environment agriculture, yet their feasibility depends on energy efficiency and renewable integration. The development of precise regulation strategies and clean energy adoption could position them as a sustainable alternative for future agriculture