Fregoso-Becerra, E., and Garcia-Abdeslem, J., 2011, A possible seismomagnetic precursor of the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake (Mw 7.2) of April 4, 2010, Baja California, México: Geofísica internacional, v. 50, no. 2, p. 211–225.
While satellite data such as those acquired by DEMETER are extremely valuable, they naturally suffer from the fact that the satellite-borne sensor is far above the source, typically about 700 km. Much better are ground station data. Pre-earthquake fluctuations in the total magnetic field intensity and in the horizontal and vertical components have been observed many many times. The 8-station network in Taiwan, which started to operate around 1988, recorded total field variations up to 250 nT in amplitude weeks before the M=7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake of 1999. There are numerous high-quality papers out. We looked that these B field variations with the idea in mind that they must arise from large telluric currents that are a part of the pre-earthquake conditions: Freund, F., and S. Pilorz (2012), Electric Currents in the Earth Crust and the Generation of Pre-Earthquake ULF Signals, in Frontier of Earthquake Prediction Studies, edited by M. Hayakawa, pp. 464-508, Nippon Shuppan, Tokyo.
Another source: QuakeFinder's worldwide 150+ station network of ULF triaxial search coil magnetometers has measured the intensity of pre-earthquake ULF waves many times. An excellent example was the M=5.6 Alum Rock in California, where by chance the ULF station was almost exactly above the hypocenter. From the ULF amplitudes, about 20-30 nT, we calculated a horizontal telluric current at 10 km depth of more than 10,000 amps but less than 100,000 amps. See: Bortnik, J., T. E. Bleier, C. Dunson, and F. Freund (2010), Estimating the seismotelluric current required for observable electromagnetic ground signals, Ann. Geophys., 28, 1615–1624.
Multi-parameteric Geophysical Observatory (MPGO) Ghuttu, India is an attempt for studying earthquake precursory signatures. from the last nine year of its operation, we are sure that seismo-magnetic signatures before earthquake exist in NW Himalaya. However, detection of it is a matter of location of measuring sensors with respect to epicenter and earthquake parameters.
following are some papers we have published yet and more are in progress.
1. F Dudkin,Gautam Rawat, B.R.Arora, V. Koreponov, O. Leonteyav and A.K.Sharma (2010) Application of Polarization ellipse technique for analysis of ULF magnetic fields from two distant stations in Koyna-Warna seismoactive region, west India.
Natural Hazards and Earth System Science (NHESS) V10,1513-1522
Doi: 10.5194/nhess-10-1513-2010
2. Arora, B.R., Choubey, V.M., Naresh Kumar and Gautam Rawat. 2011. Multi-Parameter Geophysical Observatory: Initiative for Integrated Earthquake Precursory Research, Invited contributions to proceedings of National Conference on "Geosciences and Water Resources for Sustainable Development" Department of Geophysics, Andhra Univ. Feb 11-12, 2011, pp 6-16.
3. Arora, B.R., Rawat, Gautam., Mishra, S. S., "Indexing of ULF Electromagnetic Emission to Search Earthquake Precursors", in "The Frontier of Earthquake Prediction Studies", Ed. by M. Hayakawa, Nihon-senmontosho-Shuppan, Tokyo, pp346-362, 2012.
4. Rawat, Gautam., “Characteristic ULF band magnetic field variations at MPGO, Ghuttu for the 20 June 2011 earthquake in Garhwal Himalaya” , Current Science, 88-93,2014
A short review of magnetic precursors before the geodynamic events at a depth and proposed methodology for unmasking the precusors is given in
Finkelstein, M., Price, C. and Eppelbaum, L., 2012. Is the geodynamic process in preparation of strong earthquakes reflected in the geomagnetic field? Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 9, 585-594.
In 1989 Professor Horng-Yuan Yen on the National Central University had installed a network of magnetometer stations across Taiwan, He was interested in the regional magnetic field and took data only every 10 min. Despite this breathtakingly slow data acquisition rate, as the Sep 21, 1999 magnitude 7.6 Chi-Chi event approached, this network recorded some amazing data. Apparently changes in the regional magnetic field started to show up three years before the event. Closer to the date the telluric currents started to fluctuate wildly with excursions up to 250 nT strong, which exhibit a remarkable pattern that can be correlated to the local strain field as reflected by the local seismicity across the island, Though I am a novice in geomagnetism I included a rather detailed description of these data in a book chapter for one of Masashi Hayakawa's books. Attached. You'll find this towards the end of this rather lengthy text.