There is a lot of literature on embryo and larval toxicity but there seems to be almost nothing on adults except for:
Bielmyer GK, Brix KV, Capo TR, Grosell M (2005) The effects of metals on embryo-larval and adult life stages of the sea urchin, Diadema antillarum. Aquatic Toxicology 74:254–263
I am especially looking for studies providing LC or EC50s
Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity with tropical and temperate echinoids
Marine ecology. Progress series ISSN 0171-8630
2001, vol. 215, pp. 143-154 (1 p.3/4)
In this paper, Copper was the metal most toxic to developing embryos and larvae of S. neumayeri with EC50s of 11.4 μg l-1 and 1.4 pg l-1 following 6 to 8 d and 20 to 23 d exposure respectively. In my opinon, adult sea urchin may be more tolerance than the embryos and larvae and have a higher LC50. However， threshold concentration of copper to aqiatic organisms will not change too much.
Inaddition, we have just finished some research of Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of copper in Chinese offshore area from 2005-2012, Which including a part of EFFECT ASSESSMENT for Copper, and you can find the LC50 for many aquatic organisms in our support information. at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.
03.005.
Dear Agnes:
I hope this recent publication attached can suffice your needs and answering your questions.
regards
Agnes,
Are you familiar with the following works? See links below:
http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/3(3)_165-172.pdf
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/27/1/59.full.pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620220616/epdf
Many thanks for your answers and links Xiaowei, Hossam and David. However all the studies listed here test copper toxicity on embryos, larvae or gametes of the sea urchin and not directly on adults. Many of these papers mention that embryo/larval stages are the most sensitive to copper but the literature they cite as reference to this statement compares only different early life stages: gametes, embryo, early pluteus, late pluteus, etc. and once again not adults.
I am aware early life stages are probably more sensitive as it has been shown for many other marine species but I would like to have actual data on copper toxicity on adult sea urchins to compare with my own toxicity assays on Evechinus chloroticus. I suspect some early work might have been done (perhaps in the 50s or so) on adults which may be why it is difficult to find.
I did find one other source:
Helsinga reported a 96h-TL50 of 300 ug/L on adult Echinometra mathaei with sublethal effects starting after 24h.
Helsinga 1976. Marine Biology 35, 155-160
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