This would be used inside large metal containers during live fire drills, underneath standard fire service equipment. We have used some methods but are interested to know if people can recommend any specific devices.
I don't know of any of a practical size for your application that would accept 150C. However we always circumvent the issue by wearing the loggers under the protective clothing. Given that 45C is your skin pain threshold, it would virtually never get above this (except in extreme radiant environments.
You could also consider logging sensors, like ibuttons, which come in lots of different types and ranges. Our experience with them is good and there are some validation papers too.
A smallish logger that takes rectal and skin sensors (as well as humidity and acceleration) is the MSR logger from Switzerland.
Finally, insulating it and/or packing it up with cooling packs would extend the useable time, but adds weight. Also if you use thermocouples this may not be great as it may affect your cold junction compensation.
The temperature in the containers can be anything from 150 to 600C, although it is unlikely the firefighters go anywhere near the hottest areas. As you say the actual air temperature in contact with the loggers will be more like 45-50C.
The issues we have had is that rectal thermistors degrade in that heat, while telemetry pills are incredibly expensive for the number of tests we need to do. We have considered the use of ibuttons for multiple skin measurements, while using an Equivital System for other physiological measures including telemetry pill.
Insulating the logger may be worth a try. Although the firefighters won't want to do this each time.