My initial suggestion was to look at data sets that are surveys collected over many years. The moth surveys at Rothamsted Biological station are one example where there is a sample every night for the last several decades. However, these are only circular in the independent variable.
Wooster data is at Zookeys. Go here: http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=4220. On the right side of screen you will see a list of tabs: "Contents" and "Article Info", and "Citation". Find the "Data" tab. Let me know if you have any questions about these data.
For the Rothamsted data you will have to contact the people at the experiment station. Try: http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/insect-survey/resources. The people that I had worked with are all retired and I have not stayed in touch.
Danish Lepidopterists society should be able to help with finding the right person to contact about their long term moth survey work. http://www.lepidoptera.dk/
There are also some long term research on plankton. Here are a few possibilities: