What are the possible metal cations that can replace the existing lead in lead halide based perovskite material. There are reports of tin and antimony being studied as replacements. Can any other divalent or tetravalent metal cations be used other than the above mentioned?
Surely yes, but the question to be answer is the amount or the solubility limits. Moreover, the sustitution of Pb4+ with a X2+ or 3+ atom in important amounts will change the electrical conductivity.
Best regards,
Pedro
Has been already reported Bi3+, Mg2+ as candidate to change Pb4+ ....
Yes you are right Sn very easy get oxidized that this why the researchers try to mixed the metals in order to avoid the oxidation of the Sn. Bi is more stable that Sn, but PCE is very low at this time.
No matter what --- if you tune the oxidation states of M and B site species in ABX3 architecture, the resulting species will address your question.
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