I have been trying to find out if there are formulas for calculating hand, leg and back dynamometer. In most of the assessment books that I have read they are not specifying the formulas of the test but only the norms.
Maybe some of these documents can help you ...
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/2011-2012/manuals/muscle_strength_proc_manual.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4759989/
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140822
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/rerp/2017/3985283/
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0078022657/999626/Beam7e_Ch06.pdf
What exactly do you mean by 'strength'? Do you mean the individual muscles forces that contribute to a specific movement? If so, then you might want to look into muscle modelling (e.g. Hill-type muscle model). This model uses EMG and torque to estimate muscle forces.
Another approach (if you cannot use EMG) is to look into cost functions depending on the anatomical landmarks of insertion and origin of the muscles.
Also, there's software available to estimate muscle forces for you (e.g. OpenSIM; Anybody).
I might be able to help you further if you specify your question.
Thank you for your friendly attitude! Prof. Vlad Schurov.
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