As vulnerability with respect to climate change and other hazard influencers is a process rather than a static state, scales have significant limitations. Some thoughts on vulnerability as a process:

(a) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0038-5

(b) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2294-0

(c) https://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2011-3/AJDTS_2011-3_03_Lewis.pdf

Dear Dr.Gulnaz Anjum,

Changes in geophysical, biological, and socioeconomic environments will occur through climate change. Climate change causes a particular change in a system, which is referred to as an effect. Impacts may be classified as either negative or positive. The degree to which these processes are vulnerable to and unable to cope with, negative effects of climate change is referred to as vulnerability to climate change. A unique channel is defined by an impact. Impacts may be classified as detrimental or helpful. The degree to which these processes are vulnerable to and unable to cope with, the harmful effects of climate change is known as vulnerability to climate change. The definition of risk captures uncertainty in the fundamental mechanisms of climate change, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation by integrating the extent of the effect with the likelihood of its occurrence. We present seven criteria from the literature that can be used to classify key vulnerabilities, accompanied by a review of some possible key vulnerabilities discovered using these criteria. The concept of risk, which combines the magnitude of the impact with the probability of its occurrence, captures uncertainty in the underlying processes of climate change, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation. We identify seven criteria from the literature that may be used to identify key vulnerabilities and then describes some potential key vulnerabilities identified using these criteria. The criteria are listed and explained in detail below:

• Magnitude of impacts,

• Timing of impacts,

• Persistence and reversibility of impacts,

• Likelihood (estimates of uncertainty) of impacts and vulnerabilities, and confidence in those estimates, • potential for adaptation,

• Distributional aspects of impacts and vulnerabilities,

• Importance of the system(s) at risk

Dear Usama Badawy,

Could you please clarify who "we" refers to in your response and in what context the seven criteria and review of literature you describe are presented? Thank you.

Best regards,

Steven Hartman

Dear Mir Steven,

sorry ,for my late response ,due to my illness.

Key vulnerabilities are associated with many climate-sensitive systems, including food supply, infrastructure, health, water resources, coastal systems, ecosystems, global biogeochemical cycles, ice sheets and modes of oceanic and atmospheric circulation, refers to (Dickens, G.R., 2001: Modeling the global carbon cycle with gas hydrate capacitor: significance for the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. Natural Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection, C.K. Paull and W.P. Dillon, Eds., Geophysical Monograph 124. American Geophysical Union, Washington, District of Columbia, 19-38.).

He identifies seven criteria from the literature that may be used to identify key vulnerabilities, and then describes some potential key vulnerabilities identified using these criteria which strongly support. The criteria are :

• magnitude of impacts,

• timing of impacts,

• persistence and reversibility of impacts,

• likelihood (estimates of uncertainty) of impacts and vulnerabilities and confidence in those estimates

• potential for adaptation

• distributional aspects of impacts and vulnerabilities

• importance of the system(s) at risk.

Thanks for your answer. I must admit, I'm still unclear on the context. "We" was changed to "he" in the passage you included here, which is otherwise identical to the first passage I asked about, but I have no idea who "he" or "we" are referring to.