Hello,

Many techniques are reported in the literature for monitoring various parameters of a freeze drying process. For example, I have come across:

- Freeze drying microscopy - Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) - Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) - Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and impedence

- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

My question is, what is the best option which is non destructive and allows real time process monitoring? What are the least expensive options?

Are there any other options worth considering? (I am talking lab-scale).

Thanks a lot