If we want to look at the universe we can not ignore the force that moves everything.
No one knows where this force that moves molecules and atoms comes from.
But we do know some physical properties of power.
Power = energy, which changes form, but is not lost.
Two equal and opposite forces, balance.
The force is diverted, that is, it changes direction
The force is broken down into components or multiplied by component forces, with the lever arm.
Power is everywhere but it is invisible and appears only from the effect it causes.
In the science of civil engineering there are static forces which are managed in order to achieve a balance of forces, and non-linear variables which are caused by the displacement of the ground in a seismic event.
When mass is stationary it is easier to calculate the forces of mass and contrast opposing forces to achieve equilibrium.
When an earthquake occurs, additional forces appear which are often three times the size of the static mass loads, because they are multiplied by the magnitude of the ground acceleration, the duration of the earthquake, and the height of the mass X its weight
These forces on the load-bearing structure of the building multiply, change their direction, and diffuse into all areas of the cross-sections of the structure, which are weak and can not react, creating equilibrium forces.
The result is that there is a breakage and collapse of the structure.
There are six solutions to balance and consume energy.
a) To increase the dynamics of materials without increasing their mass which is a factor of multiplication of intensities.
b) To convert the force of an earthquake from kinetic to thermal
c) To reduce the acceleration of the ground to be transferred to the construction using horizontal seismic insulation (bearings)
d) To make a rubber unbreakable bearing body from rubber or sponge.
And two other systems you do not know are ...
e) To put independent parts of the construction, to collide with each other, on elastic joints and in this way one part to neutralize the forces of the other.
g) To deflect the forces from the structure into the ground before they multiply through the lever mechanism and diffuse over the cross sections of the bearing body.
All but all of these systems that I mentioned contribute to the response of the construction to the seismic shifts and are concentrated in the anti-seismic design that I designed, for the first time in the world and is in this video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO6MxxH0lMU
Dear Dr Ioannis Lymperis . Thank you so much for your very valuable information. Wish you the best.
Seismic forces are inertia forces. When any object, such as a building, experiences acceleration, inertia force is generated when its mass resists the acceleration. ... M, the mass of an object, is determined by dividing its weight by the acceleration due to gravity, while a is the acceleration it is subject to (Fig. 2.1).Nov 4, 2021
https://www.northernarchitecture.us › ...
Earthquakes - Seismic Forces - Northern Architecture
The seismic base shear is the total design lateral force at the base of a building. The base shear is calculated using the design ground motion described in the previous section and modified to account for the structural characteristics and importance placed on a building.
https://ncma.org › resource › seismi...
SEISMIC DESIGN FORCES ON CONCRETE MASONRY BUILDINGS
Earthquake forces are called lateral forces because their predominant effect is to apply horizontal loads to a building. Figure 1. Inertial forces are a reaction to acceleration. illustrates this familiar experience and relates it to the effect of building inertia during an earth- quake.
https://www.atcouncil.org › pdfs
Building Safety and Earthquakes - Applied Technology Council
Earthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. ... According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki
Earthquake-resistant structures - Wikipedia
So, in summary the Occupancy Category, geographic location and the Site Class of the project site determine the Seismic Design Category. Even though the Site Class uses a lettering system like the Seismic Design Category, it is only used to adjust the site accelerations.Mar 25, 2019
https://www.fegstructural.com › seis...
SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY 101 - Fitzpatrick Engineering
Based on the past seismic history, Bureau of Indian Standards grouped the country into four seismic zones namely Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV and Zone-V. Of all these four zones, Zone-V is the most seismic active region whereas Zone-II is the least.Jun 5, 2020
https://m.jagranjosh.com › list-of-ea...
List of Earthquake (Seismic) Zones in India - Jagran Josh
The Importance Factor is a multiplier that increases or decreases the base design loads. Typically, the base design loads are outlined by the code as a 2% annual probability of exceedence (2% in 50 years for seismic loads).
https://www.smandf.com › view
Occupancy Category and Importance Factor - Technical ...
An earthquake (or seismic) engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or collapse in a major earthquake.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki
Earthquake engineering - Wikipedia
When an earthquake strikes, the intensity of earthquake shaking determines the severity of damage. In turn, the main factors affecting earthquake shaking intensity are earthquake depth, proximity to the fault, the underlying soil, and building characteristics—particularly height.
https://blog.jumpstartinsurance.com › ...
What Affects Earthquake Shaking or Intensity? - Jumpstart
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/EQTips/EQTip05.pdf,kindly check this link.
https://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/cur-seismic.html,u can follow this link.
https://www.slideshare.net/AcademiaDeIngenieriaMx/from-forcebased-to-displacementbased-seismic-design-what-comes-next,u can follow this link.
https://www.wbdg.org/resources/seismic-design-principles,this link may be useful.
Dear Faraed Salman
Thank you very much for the links
I will also say what I know by asking questions, whoever disagrees, let me know 1) The structures can withstand high acceleration for a short time or low acceleration for a long time.
Question If a structure faces an earthquake with great acceleration and duration it will withstand; Answer No.
2) Each construction individually has a specific frequency that oscillates to the maximum degree.
The frequencies of each earthquake are unknown.
Question. If the frequency of construction and ground coincide, then an earthquake-proof construction will withstand;
Answer No.
Why not? Because if the period of construction and the ground coincide, we have coordination.
During tuning, each seismic charge cycle increases, increasing the oscillation until it collapses.
Example in the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV_UuzEznHs&list=LL&index=103&t=18s
3) Question If the earthquake is big, it happens very close, it has a small focal depth, it has a long duration and it hits a city. How many seismic houses will stand?
4) Question Today the constructions if they are designed with the complete seismic design can withstand up to 1g acceleration before they collapse completely.
The largest earthquake in the world had an acceleration of 3g What will happen to the buildings if the earthquake has an acceleration greater than 1g?
Answer They will collapse
What anti-seismic regulation and anti-seismic construction are we talking about? of 1g?
Agree with dear colleagues ; thanks for sharing these interesting informations !
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ground-acceleration,Dr. Ioannis lymperis,kindly check this link.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/peak-acceleration,Dr.Ioannis Lymperis ,i think this link is useful
Dear Faraed Salman
Thank you very much for the links
Presentation Seismic force deflection technology
Dear Ph.D. Hermann Gruenwald
Here are two videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO6MxxH0lMU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhkUlxC6IK4&t=44s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoM5pEy7n9Q&t=50s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-X4tF9C7SE&t=5s
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